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Missing Books
- f the Bible
2
Introduction
3
4
Syllabus
5
Worksheet
for your questions
6
Introduction 2 3 Syllabus 4 Worksheet for your questions 5 - - PDF document
Introduction 2 3 Syllabus 4 Worksheet for your questions 5 - - PDF document
Missing Books of the Bible Introduction 2 3 Syllabus 4 Worksheet for your questions 5 Course Website 6 Scriptures Lost & Found Manuscripts in the News The T ruth behind the Bible Why the Manuscripts Matter
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Scriptures Lost & Found
- Manuscripts in the News
- The “T
ruth” behind the Bible
- Why the Manuscripts Matter
- The Great Manuscript Discoveries
- T
echnology & the T exts
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Manuscripts in the News
March 13, 2014
- 7 New Dead Sea Scrolls
- Phylacteries
from Qumran Cave 4
- c.100–1 BCE?
Manuscripts in the News
Recent Discoveries
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March 13, 2014
- 7 New Dead Sea Scrolls
- Phylacteries
from Qumran Cave 4
- c.100–1 BCE?
Manuscripts in the News
Recent Discoveries
Manuscripts in the News
Recent Discoveries March 13, 2014
- 7 New Dead Sea Scrolls
- Phylacteries
from Qumran Cave 4
- c.100–1 BCE?
September 18, 2012
- Gospel of Jesus’ Wife
- Revealed by
Harvard gnostic scholar Karen King
- c.100s–200s CE
if genuine
Manuscripts in the News
Recent Discoveries
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September 18, 2012
- Gospel of Jesus’ Wife
- Revealed by
Harvard gnostic scholar Karen King
- c.100s–200s CE
if genuine
Manuscripts in the News
Recent Discoveries March 3, 2011
- The Jesus Tablets
- r Jordan Lead Codices
- promoted by David Elkington
as the earliest Christian texts
- c.30 CE
if genuine
Manuscripts in the News
Recent Discoveries March 3, 2011
- The Jesus Tablets
- r Jordan Lead Codices
- promoted by David Elkington
as the earliest Christian texts
- c.30 CE
if genuine
Manuscripts in the News
Recent Discoveries
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July 6, 2008
- The Gabriel Revelation
- r the Jeselsohn Stone
- Described by
paleographer Ada Yardeni as “a Dead Sea Scroll on stone”
- c.50–1 BCE
Manuscripts in the News
Recent Discoveries July 6, 2008
- The Gabriel Revelation
- r the Jeselsohn Stone
- Described by
paleographer Ada Yardeni as “a Dead Sea Scroll on stone”
- c.50–1 BCE
Manuscripts in the News
Recent Discoveries May 2006
- The Gospel of Judas
- From Codex Tchachos
- Featured in a special by
National Geographic
- c.200s-300s CE
Greek original 160 CE?
Manuscripts in the News
Recent Discoveries
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May 2006
- The Gospel of Judas
- From Codex Tchachos
- Featured in a special by
National Geographic
- c.200s-300s CE
Greek original 160 CE?
Manuscripts in the News
Recent Discoveries May 2006
- The Gospel of Judas
- From Codex Tchachos
- Featured in a special by
National Geographic
- c.200s-300s CE
Greek original 160 CE?
Manuscripts in the News
Recent Discoveries May 2006
- The Gospel of Judas
- From Codex Tchachos
- Featured in a special by
National Geographic
- c.200s-300s CE
Greek original 160 CE?
Manuscripts in the News
Recent Discoveries
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May 2006
- The Gospel of Judas
- From Codex Tchachos
- Featured in a special by
National Geographic
- c.200s-300s CE
Greek original 160 CE?
Manuscripts in the News
Recent Discoveries
Manuscripts in the News
How the Media Packages Discoveries
14 December 1993
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6 June 1995 30 September 1997 24 August 1999
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11 June 1996 Manuscripts in the News
How the Tabloids Package Discoveries
- The texts prophesy events now
▪ some catastrophic, others optimistic ▪ sense that the “lost” has been found to help us
- Scholars are sometimes quoted
▪ but they’re not always real people ▪ more about giving an impression of
legitimacy
- Conspiracy theories abound
▪ manuscripts were lost because they threaten
someone
▪ and now they could shake everything up!
Manuscripts in the News
How the Media Packages Discoveries m a i n s t r e a m
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Manuscripts in the News
How the Media Packages Discoveries
- From science desk, not religion
▪ religion is old, familiar, tired ▪ journalists want scoops, discoveries that
subvert familiar beliefs – that’s what science does
- The first “frame” is hard to change
▪ “locking in” a particular explanation ▪ understanding subsequent scholarly debates
is tough, and scholars don’t make it easier
- The need for public interest can
promote sensationalizing
▪ giving too much play to marginal views ▪ exacerbating conspiracy theories
m a i n s t r e a m
T abloid or Mainstream?
- You be the judge…
The Gabriel Revelation
- r the Jeselsohn Stone
- National Geographic TV
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The Gabriel Revelation
- r the Jeselsohn Stone
- National Geographic TV
Online ad for Smithsonian Channel Program about the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife
program pulled when questions surfaced about the papyrus’ authenticity
- Then you’ll see the official video
from Harvard Divinity School
do you notice any differences? Online ad for Smithsonian Channel Program about the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife
program pulled when questions surfaced about the papyrus’ authenticity
- Smithsonian Channel
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Harvard Divinity School Press Release about the discovery of The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife
- Karen King is a faculty member at HDS
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The T ruth behind the Bible
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Where it comes from… “Bible” comes from τα βιβλια = the books
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≠
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TEXT APPARATUS ¡ (annotations)
How Scholars Build the Bible
- They gather all the available manuscript evidence
- They compare every overlapping verse
- If verses differ, they have to make a judgment
about which version is earliest
- They create a composite text verse by verse
in the original language
- This is translated for readers today
- New manuscript discoveries are folded in
Eugene Ulrich
Chief editor of the biblical DSS mss At work in the scrollery at the Rockefeller Museum, East Jerusalem October 1995
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4QSamuela
- Col. 10
(1 Sam 10:27 + addition –11:2)
New American Bible 1970 Ulrich Dissertation 1978
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New Revised Standard Version 1991
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Why the Manuscripts Matter
When the extant manuscripts were copied
1000 BCE 1 BCE / 1 CE 1200 CE
When the books of the Bible were written
Torah Prophets Writings Hebrew Bible 100 200 300 400 500 600 273 mss
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When the extant manuscripts were copied
1000 BCE 1 BCE / 1 CE 1200 CE
When the books of the Bible were written
Torah Prophets Writings Gospels Acts Epistles Revelation Hebrew Bible New Testament 100 200 300 400 500 600 129 mss (600-1500 CE) 48 mss 29 23 25 5 5000+ total mostly fragmentary papyri
pOxy Sinaiticus & other major codices Gnostic mss DSS The Manuscript Basis
- f Modern
Versions
1000 BCE 1 BCE / 1 CE 1200 CE
When the books of the Bible were written
Torah Prophets Writings Gospels Acts Epistles Revelation Hebrew Bible New Testament 100 200 300 400 500 600
DSS
129 mss (600-1500 CE) 48 mss 29 23 25 5 5000+ total
Douay Rheims (1582) based on the Latin Vulgate
1000 BCE 1 BCE / 1 CE 1200 CE
When the books of the Bible were written
Torah Prophets Writings Gospels Acts Epistles Revelation Hebrew Bible New Testament 100 200 300 400 500 600 129 mss (600-1500 CE) 48 mss 29 23 25 5 5000+ total
King James Version (1611)
The Manuscript Basis
- f Modern
Versions DSS
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1000 BCE 1 BCE / 1 CE 1200 CE
When the books of the Bible were written
Torah Prophets Writings Gospels Acts Epistles Revelation Hebrew Bible New Testament 100 200 300 400 500 600 129 mss (600-1500 CE) 48 mss 29 23 25 5 5000+ total
Revised Standard Version (1901)
The Manuscript Basis
- f Modern
Versions DSS
1000 BCE 1 BCE / 1 CE 1200 CE
When the books of the Bible were written
Torah Prophets Writings Gospels Acts Epistles Revelation Hebrew Bible New Testament 100 200 300 400 500 600 129 mss (600-1500 CE) 48 mss 29 23 25 5 5000+ total
New American Bible (1970)
The Manuscript Basis
- f Modern
Versions DSS
1000 BCE 1 BCE / 1 CE 1200 CE
When the books of the Bible were written
Torah Prophets Writings Gospels Acts Epistles Revelation Hebrew Bible New Testament 100 200 300 400 500 600 129 mss (600-1500 CE) 48 mss 29 23 25 5 5000+ total
New Revised Standard Version (1990)
The Manuscript Basis
- f Modern
Versions
273 mss
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1000 BCE 1 BCE / 1 CE 1200 CE
When the books of the Bible were written
Torah Prophets Writings Gospels Acts Epistles Revelation Hebrew Bible New Testament 100 200 300 400 500 600 129 mss (600-1500 CE) 48 mss 29 23 25 5 5000+ total
New Revised Standard Version (1990)
The Manuscript Basis
- f Modern
Versions
5 21 12 5 6 1 273 mss
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The Great Manuscript Discoveries
Great Manuscript Discoveries
- f the Past T
wo Centuries
Dead Sea Scrolls (1947-1955)
Thousands of parchment and papyrus fragments from almost 900 different manuscripts, including almost every book
- f the Jewish scriptures, mostly in Hebrew
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The Isaiah Scroll from Cave 1 (1QIsaa) Dead Sea Scrolls Fragments bought from the Bedouin
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Piecing together the manuscripts Excavating the Site
Great Manuscript Discoveries
- f the Past T
wo Centuries
Oxyrhynchus Papyri (1896-1907)
Tens of thousands of papyrus fragments
- f classical and Hellenistic Greek works,
documents from daily life, and Jewish and Christian texts, including biblical books
Dead Sea Scrolls (1947-1955)
Thousands of parchment and papyrus fragments from almost 900 different manuscripts, including almost every book
- f the Jewish scriptures, mostly in Hebrew
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Oxford University Researchers Grenfell & Hunt The Dump at Oxyrhynchus Sifting the Site
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Grenfell & Hunt on site in 1896
Great Manuscript Discoveries
- f the Past T
wo Centuries
Codex Sinaiticus (1859)
4th century copy of the entire Greek Bible
Oxyrhynchus Papyri (1896-1907)
Tens of thousands of papyrus fragments
- f classical and Hellenistic Greek works,
documents from daily life, and Jewish and Christian texts, including biblical books
Dead Sea Scrolls (1947-1955)
Thousands of parchment and papyrus fragments from almost 900 different manuscripts, including almost every book
- f the Jewish scriptures, mostly in Hebrew
- St. Catherine’s Monastery
Sinai Peninsula, Egypt
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Constantine von Tischendorf & Codex Sinaiticus
Other Major Codices
Vaticanus Alexandrinus Ephraemi Rescriptus
Great Manuscript Discoveries
- f the Past T
wo Centuries
Codex Sinaiticus (1859)
4th century copy of the entire Greek Bible
Oxyrhynchus Papyri (1896-1907)
Tens of thousands of papyrus fragments
- f classical and Hellenistic Greek works,
documents from daily life, and Jewish and Christian texts, including biblical books
Nag Hammadi (1945)
13 books with 52 separate “tractates” 4th century copies of earlier Gnostic Christian works
Dead Sea Scrolls (1947-1955)
Thousands of parchment and papyrus fragments from almost 900 different manuscripts, including almost every book
- f the Jewish scriptures, mostly in Hebrew
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Muhammad Ali Samman who discovered the codices The 13 Nag Hammadi Codices Scholars studying the codices at the Coptic Museum in Cairo
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T echnology & the T exts
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Part of the “Thanksgiving Scroll” from Cave 11 (11QHa) Part of the same scroll, magnified, under normal (left) and infrared (right) light
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