THE MEGAPOLI PARIS CAMPAIGN FOR URBAN AEROSOL CHARACTERISATION A - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

THE MEGAPOLI PARIS CAMPAIGN FOR URBAN AEROSOL CHARACTERISATION – A COMPREHENSIVE DATA SET FOR AIR QUALITY MODEL EVALUATION

• M. Beekmann (1), A. Borbon (1), J. Sciare (2), V. Gros (2), A.

Prevot (3), U. Baltensperger (3), A. Wiedensohler (4), F. Drewnick (5), S. Pandis (6), A. Baklanov (7), M. Lawrence (5), and the MEGAPOLI Paris- campaign team (1) LISA, France, (2) LSCE, France, (3) PSI, Switzerland, (4) IfT, Germany, (5) MPI, Germany, (6) FORTH, Greece, (7) DMI, Denmark,

HARMO June 1 – 4 2010, Paris

• I. FP7 MEGAPOLI OBJECTIVES
• The main objectives
• Objective 1: to assess impacts of

megacities and large air-pollution “hot-spots” on local, regional, and global air quality;

• Objective 2: to quantify feedbacks

between megacity air quality, local and regional climate, and global climate change;

• Objective 3: to develop improved

integrated tools for prediction of air pollution in megacities and their surrounding areas

Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation

Ile de France Campaign objectives

• provide new experimental data to better quantify

sources of primary and secondary organic aerosol in a large agglomeration and its plume

Document aerosol composition and properties variability Quantify SOA build-up in urban area and plume from VOC Integrated data set for Model evaluation and improvement

• Aerosol compostion
• +-phys. chem. properties
• Gas phase
• Transport

OA Source apportionnement Four major tasks

PARIS

20km Forest Forest Region Ile-de-France = 12 million inhabitants (20% of the French population Population density (PARIS)= 20,000 inh. / km² Surrounded by rural areas Dense scientific infrastructure

Why Ile de France region for this campaign ?

Annual PM2.5 mean concentrations in 2007 and 2008

30 18 16 14 14 33 22 21 21 21 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Boulevard Périphérique Auteuil Bobigny Paris 1er les Halles Gennevilliers Vitry-sur-Seine

PM2.5 concentrations (µg/m3)

Traffic stations Urban stations

2007 2008

WHO recommandation US-EPA EU limit value (2020) EU limit value (2015) EU target value (2010) EU limit value (2008)

Courtesy J. Sciare / LSCE

• II. Campaign set-up
• Summer (July) 2009 campaign
• Winter (January 15 – Febraury 15)

campaign

Instrumentation set-up and parameters measured

* In situ ** Gases:

*** pollution tracers: CO, O3, NOx, NOy, *** aerosol precursors: (O)VOC (cartridges, PTR-MS….), H2SO4 *** radical budget : OH, HO2, HONO, J’s

** Aerosol

*** mass, size and number *** physical properties (volatility, optical, hygroscopicity) *** chemical composition: OA components and individual species, BC, dust, ions, … **** rapid AMS, PILS, MAAP, ECOC **** detailed (filters with ~100 individual compounds)

** Dynamic (wind , T, turbulent fluxes, …) * Remote

** spectroscopic -> gas columns (NO2, HCHO, CO, O3, …..) ** Lidar (backscatter, partly multi- polarized) ** wind profils (sodar, lidar)

PARIS

SIRTA LHVP

20km Forest Forest

GOLF

POUDRIERE

3 primary sites => full suite of in situ measurements / + meteo at SIRTA.

The geographical set-up

3 primary sites => suite of in situ measurements / + meteo at SIRTA. 3 secondary sites => lidar and spectrospcopic measurments / or in some situ

PARIS

SIRTA LHVP

20km Forest Forest

Créteil

Jussieu

GOLF

POUDRIERE

Tour Eiffel, Ballon Air de Paris

3 primary sites => suite of in situ measurements / + meteo at SIRTA. 3 secondary sites => lidar and spectrospcopic measurments / or in some situ 3 mobile labs => full in situ measurements (PSI + MPI) + Univ Duisburg 1 mobile lab => lidar measurements (CEA) 1 mobile lab => MAXDOAS (MPI)

PARIS

SIRTA LHVP

20km Forest Forest

Créteil

Jussieu

GOLF

POUDRIERE

Tour Eiffel, Ballon Air de Paris

3 primary sites => suite of in situ measurements / + meteo at SIRTA. 3 secondary sites => lidar and spectrospcopic measurments / or in some situ 3 mobile labs => full in situ measurements (PSI + MPI) + Univ Duisburg 1 mobile lab => lidar measurements (CEA) 1 mobile lab => MAXDOAS (MPI) 1 aircraft ATR-42 => full in situ measurements (SAFIRE, CNRS, MPI)

PARIS

SIRTA LHVP

20km Forest Forest

Créteil

Jussieu

GOLF

POUDRIERE

Tour Eiffel, Ballon Air de Paris

ATR - 42

PARIS

SIRTA LHVP

20km Forest Forest

Créteil

Jussieu

GOLF

POUDRIERE

Piper Aztec In addition during winter => ALS - LEOSPHERE lidar network (five sites)

Organisation / Participants

Initial FP7 partners :

• CNRS (LISA, LSCE, GAME, LaMP, LGGE, subcontractor

SAFIRE), PSI, IfT, FORTH, Univ. Helsinki Additionnal EU Participants :

• MPI, Univ. College Cork, FMI, Univ. Duisburg

Additional French Participants :

• AIRPARIF, CEREA, Ecole de Mines, INERIS, LCME, LCP-

IRA, LATMOS, LHVP, QUALAIR, SIRTA/LMD/IPSL

lead : M. Beekmann (LISA-CNRS), U. Baltensperger (PSI)

• Ground based segment : Jean Sciare, Valerie Gros (LSCE)
• Airborne segment : Agnès Borbon (LISA)
• Ad hoc coordinating commitee with above persons, MEGAPOLI

coordinators, aircraft instrument PI’s, and site responsibles

• III. First campaign results and how

to be used for model evaluation

• Meteo / Transport
• Emissions
• Gas phase chemistry
• (Organic) aerosol chemical composition
• Aerosol properties

Meteo / Transport

Measurement type performed Model parameter or process to be evaluated Lidar and sodar wind profiles Synoptic wind speed Radiosounding wind and T profiles Synoptic wind speed and boundary layer height Surface meteo network (temperature) Urban heat island effect Lidar (ceilometer) derived boundary layer height Urban heat island effect on BL height Passive emission tracers (urban scale NOx, urban + plume BC and NOy) Urban scale dispersion (cumulated with uncertainty

• n emissions), regional scale

advection

July 2009

Surface meteorology in July 2009 SIRTA (suburban sit)

Temperature (°C) Precipitation (mm) Wind Direction (deg) Day in July 2009 Hours of the day Occurrence (%) N E S W N

Mean temperature diurnal cycle Distribution of wind direction Occurrence of precipitation

Measurements made at SIRTA

Surface meteorology in Jan/feb 2010 SIRTA (periurban)

Wind Direction (deg) Occurrence (%) N E S W N

Distribution of wind direction

• Jan. 2010

Measurements made at SIRTA/IPSL Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau

• M. Haeffelin SIRTA / IPSL

Snow and fog at the SIRTA site

PBL height derived from lidar and ceilometer measurements LHVP – SIRTA vs. MM5 and WRF

Courtesy

• M. Haeffelin, SIRTA

Systematic comparison for July 2009 (afternoon)

Difference obs. – sim.

Simulations avec NFS/MM5/ CHIMERE

• Q. Zhang, M. Beekmann LISA

Mesures ATR-42 Aethalometer

(A. Schwarzeboeck, CNRS/

Lamp)

Emissions

Measurement type performed Model parameter or process to be evaluated Airborne plume measurements of emission tracers (NOy, VOC, BC) NOx, VOC, BC emissions (spatially integrated over Paris agglomeration) Urban scale VOC ratios VOC emission ratios, source distribution PM chemical composition (individual tracers) , C14 ratio PM and organic aerosol emission source distribution, modern vs. old OA Airborne measurements of biogenic VOC and oxidation products Biogenic VOC emissions

• ver forested areas

surrounding Paris agglomeration

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 07/01 12:00 08/01 00:00 08/01 12:00 Concentrations en espèces chimiques, µg/m3 25 50 75 100 125 Concentration en PM2.5, µg/m3 Sea salt Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Nitrate BC Matière Organique PM2.5 Potassium x 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 07/01 12:00 08/01 00:00 08/01 12:00 Concentrations en espèces chimiques, µg/m3 25 50 75 100 125 Concentration en PM2.5, µg/m3 Sea salt Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Nitrate BC Matière Organique PM2.5 Potassium x 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 07/01 12:00 08/01 00:00 08/01 12:00 Concentrations en espèces chimiques, µg/m3 25 50 75 100 125 Concentration en PM2.5, µg/m3 Sea salt Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Nitrate BC Matière Organique PM2.5 Potassium x 100

EU limit

Carbonaceous aerosols Wood burning indicator

Pollution alert Courtesy J. Sciare (LSCE)

Specific local (wood burning) pollution event

Gas phase chemistry

Measurement type performed Model parameter or process to be evaluated Oxidant (sum O3+NO2) content Ozone formation efficiency Urban scale + plume NOy species NOx processing , NOy budget Urban scale + plume VOC species VOC reactivity + secondary VOC build-up Odd hydrogen radical and source/ sink measurements, VOC ratios of different reactivity Odd hydrogen (OH, HO2, RO2) radical budget, Oxidation capacity

MEGAPOLI : LHVP 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

01/07 03/07 05/07 07/07 09/07 11/07 13/07 15/07 17/07 19/07 21/07 23/07 25/07 27/07 29/07 31/07

Ozone (ppb) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

CO (ppb)

O3 CO ppb

LHVP: long-lived compounds time series

Local /regional + continental pollution Local / Regional pollution

Courtesy V. Gros, LSCE

Diurnal radical profiles at SIRTA SAMU

0E+00 1E+07 11/7 OH, cm-3 JO1D, a.u.

0E+00 1E+08 2E+08

11/7 RO2, cm-3 JO1D

0.0E+00

20/7 H2SO4, a.u. 0E+00 1E+07 20/7 OH, cm-3 JO1D, a.u.

July 11 July 20 OH OH RO2 H2SO4 Blue JO1D Courtesy A. Kukui, LATMOS

Combination with HOx source and sink measuements Radical closure experiment

Aerosol chemistry

Measurement type performed Model parameter or process to be evaluated Chemical PM1, PM2.5 mass closure (AMS, PILS, …) Secondary and inorganic aerosol formation AMS HOA + OOA AMS elemental (H,C,O) ratio Oxidative state of organic aerosol OOA/ CO ratio versus – log(NOx/NOy) OOA/ OX ratio Normalized (emissions, photochemistry) secondary aerosol build-up

Context: Large uncertainties on primary and secondary organic sources

In addition => Aging of SOA : Oxidation, Oligomerisation / Polymerisation talk Q.J. Zhang on Thursday morning POA is semivolatile and can be oxidised ! (Robinson et al., 2007) POA is semivolatile (Robinson et al., 2007)

HOA Model-VBS

Paris

Simulation results (LHVP-Urban site)

• vs. ground based AMS measurements (PM1)

µg/m3 OOA AMS Poor man’s PMF SOA Model -Classic OOA Model -VBS µg/m3 POA Model-Classic

Continental In VBS, POA SVOC+IVOC gas phase  reduce POA (aerosol) Local

2 4 6 8 10 12 TIME 7/2 7/3 7/4 7/5 7/6 7/7 7/8 7/9 7/10 7/11 7/12 7/13 7/14 7/15 7/16 7/17 7/18 7/19 7/20 7/21 7/22 2 4 6 8 10 12 TIME 7/2 7/3 7/4 7/5 7/6 7/7 7/8 7/9 7/10 7/11 7/12 7/13 7/14 7/15 7/16 7/17 7/18 7/19 7/20 7/21 7/22

HOA/BBOA AMS Poor man’s PMF

• 5

5 10 15 20 25 TIME 7/2 7/3 7/4 7/5 7/6 7/7 7/8 7/9 7/10 7/11 7/12 7/13 7/14 7/15 7/16 7/17 7/18 7/19 7/20 7/21 7/22 5 10 15 20 25 TIME 7/2 7/3 7/4 7/5 7/6 7/7 7/8 7/9 7/10 7/11 7/12 7/13 7/14 7/15 7/16 7/17 7/18 7/19 7/20 7/21 7/22

The continental advection case: January 26-28

• OBS. + CHIMERE simulations

5 10 15 20 25 30 26/01 00:00 26/01 12:00 27/01 00:00 27/01 12:00 28/01 00:00 28/01 12:00 29/01 00:00 Concentrations en espèces chimiques, µg/m3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Concentration en PM2.5, µg/m3 Sels de mer Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium sulfate BC Matière Organique PM2.5

SULFATE OOA NITRATE

CHIMERE

Aerosol properties

Measurement type performed Model parameter or process to be evaluated Aerosol size distribution, hygroscopicity Correct representation of nucleation, coagulation, hygroscopic growth in models Hygroscopicity and single particle measurements Representation of mixing state Volatility measurements Volatility representation of

• rganic aerosol

Organic PM Volatility (SIRTA)

Thermodenuder+SMPS+PSI AMS

Ambient + Heated Organic PM vs Time

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Organic Mass (µg/m3) 10:00 AM 7/9/2009 11:00 AM 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 4:00 PM Date and Time 200 150 100 50 Thermodenuder Temperature (C)

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Mass Fraction Remaining (TD/bypass) 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Themodenuder Temperature (C)

Megapoli - SIRTA July 9, 2009 Laboratory-generated

• pinene SOA

Very aged organic aerosol measured in Crete, Greece (average thermogram)

Typical thermogram

(roughly half the OA evaporated at 80oC) results from FORTH & CM S.Pandis et al.

Conclusion

• Megapoli Paris campaign data will allow extensive

evaluation of urban / regional scale air quality models

• Pollution plume is well identified at 100 – 150 km

downwind from Paris even for rather clean conditions in summer

• Oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) seems to be major

OA component during summer (preliminary result)

• Winter : much larger gas phase and aerosol

concentrations of both local/regional and continental

• rigin
• Strong wood burning source for OA in winter

• More material
• http://megapoli.dmi.dk/
• http://megapoli.lisa.univ-paris12.fr
• Acknowledgements
• .

Support from FP7 / MEGAPOLI ANR French national program French LEFE-CHAT / ADEME Ile de France Soutien SEPPE IdF Other national + lab support Logistical support SIRTA , LHVP , Golf de la Poudrière Forecast PREVAIR www.prevair.org

Acknowledgements MEGAPOLI team

• M. Beekmann1, U. Baltensperger2, A. Borbon1, J. Sciare3, V. Gros3, A. Baklanov4, M. Lawrence5, S.

Pandis6, V.Kostenidou6, M.Psichoudaki6, L. Gomes7, P. Tulet7, A. Wiedensohler8

, A. Held*, L.

Poulain8, K.Kamilli8, W. Birmli8, A. Schwarzenboeck9, K. Sellegri9, A. Colomb9, J.M. Pichon9, E.Fernay9

, J.L. Jaffrezo10, P. Laj10, C. Afif1, V. Ait-Helal1*, B. Aumont1, S. Chevailler1, P. Chelin1, I.

Coll1, J.F. Doussin1, R. Durand-Jolibois1, H. Mac Leod1, V. Michoud1, K. Miet1, N. Grand1, S. Perrier1,

• H. Petetin1, T. Raventos1, C. Schmechtig1, G. Siour1, C. Viatte1, Q. Zhang1**, P. Chazette3, M. Bressi3,
• M. Lopez5, P. Royer3, R. Sarda-Esteve3, F. Drewnick5, J. Schneider5, M. Brands5, S. Bormann5, K.

Dzepina5, F. Freutel5, S. Gallavardin5, T. Klimach5, T. Marbach5, R. Shaiganfar5, S.L. Von der Weiden5, T. Wagner5, S.Zorn5, P. De Carlo2, A. Prevot2, M. Crippa2, C. Mohr2, Marie Laborde2, M. Gysel2, Roberto Chirico2, Maarten Heringa2, A. Butet11, A. Bourdon11, E. Mathieu11, T. Perrin11, SAFIRE team, J.Wenger12, R. Healy12, I.O. Connor12, E. Mc Gillicuddy12, P. Alto13, J.P.Jalkanen13, M. Kulmala13, P Lameloise14, V. Ghersi14, O. Sanchez14, A. Kauffman14, H. Marfaing14, C. Honoré14, L. Chiappini15, O. Favez15, F. Melleux15, G. Aymoz15, B. Bessagnet15, L. Rouil15, S. Rossignol15, M. Haeffelin16, C. Pietras16, J. C. Dupont16, and the SIRTA team, S. Kukui17, E. Dieudonné17, F. Ravetta17, J.C.Raut17,G. Ancellet17, F. Goutail17, J.L Besombes18, N. Marchand19, Y. Le Moullec20, J. Cuesta21,Y.Te21, N. Laccoge22, S. Lolli23, L. Sauvage23, S.Loannec23, D. Ptak24, A. Schmidt24, S. Conil25, M. Boquet26,

1Laboratoire InterUniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), Université Paris Est et 7, CNRS, Créteil, France, 2 Paul Scherrer Institut,

Villingen, Switzerland, 3Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), Gif sur Yvette, France,, 4 Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, 5Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany, 6Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, University of Patras, Greece, 7Game,Centre National de Recherche Météorologique, Toulouse , France , 8Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Germany, 9Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Clermont-Ferrand, France, 10Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, Grenoble, France , 11SAFIRE, Toulouse, France, 12University College Cork, Ireland, 13University Helsinki, Finland ,

14AIRPARIF, Paris, France, 15INERIS, France, ,16SIRTA/IPSL, Palaiseau, France, 17Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales,

Paris, France, ,18Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Environnement, Chambery, France, 19Laboratoire de Chimie Provence, Marseille, France, 20Laboratoire de l’Hygiène de la Ville de Paris, France,, 21Laboratorie de Météorologie Dynamique, Palaiseau, France , 22Département Environnement et Chimie, Ecole de Mines de Douais, France, ,, 23LEOSPHERE, France, 24Universität Duisburg-Essen), Germany, 25ANDRA, Châtenay-Malabry, France, 26CEREA, Marne La Vallée, France , **also ARIA-Technologie. France

Photo- gallerie

Wind profiling by Lidar 29/07 Mixing layer depth retrieval by lidar

SUMMER ALS450 - SIRTA

22/01 01/07

Winter hourly mean mixing height by Ceilometer during July 2009 at LHVP, Courtesy N. Eresmaa , FMI Courtesy M. Haeffelin, SIRTA Convective PBL height

Systematic comparison for July 2009 (night)

Difference obs. – sim.

Model vs AMS PM1 observations at urban site during July 2009 [µg/m3]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Sulfate

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Nitrate