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The Late Medieval Period

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ERA IV Unit WHI.14 Late Middle Ages

Introduction: Trade increases Kings become powerful England, France, Spain, and Russia

The Middle Ages in 3.5 Minutes:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EAMqKUimr8

Languages of Europe

WHI.14 The student will apply social science skills to understand the social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the high and late medieval periods by

• a) describing the emergence of centralized monarchies

(England, France, Spain, and Russia) and distinctive political developments in each;

• I. Nation-states appear
• European monarchies consolidated power and began forming

“nation-states” in the late medieval period

• Nation-state: a politically independent country/ citizens share

the same language, culture, and nationality)

• Kings unify
• Kings

strengthen national feeling

• = nation-states

• II. feudalism declines
• breakdown of the

system

• monarchs used control of

trade to gain more direct authority over the nobles and the people

• Trade= money and end
• f the manorial system
• Kings gain power=

breakdown of feudalism

• III. Change in power!

the pope’s power decreases the monarch’s power increases

Bummer! That’s right.

IV England

• A. Unifying VIP: William the Conqueror
• 1. Leader of the Norman Conquest
• 2. United most of England

▫ The Normans were “North Men” or Vikings who had settled in France

• B. Common Law
• 1. law made by royal

judges, not local lords

• had its beginnings

during the reign of Henry II

• 2. Norman tradition

led the establishment

• f the jury system

and Parliament

• C. VIP: King John

signs the Magna Carta

• 1. 1215 CE
• Limited the King’s

power

• The king could no longer

tax without the consent of his subjects

• 2. Road to democracy
• These rights were later

expanded by Parliament

• D. The Hundred Years’ War

1337- 1453

• 1. England versus France
• 2. Helped define

England as a nation

• The defeat by France caused

the English to have a civil war called the War of the Roses

• After the war England was

reunited by a powerful new royal family (the Tudors) and a strong Parliament

Hundred Years’ War…

• In 1338 Edward III,

king of England and son

• f Isabella of France,

declared himself king of France

• This began the Hundred

Years’ War between England and France

• This painting features

Edward, seated, wearing a robe decorated with English and French emblems

The painting is by Jean Froissart

England during the War of the Roses

• Dynastic civil wars
• 1455- 1485
• Rival houses:

▫ Lancaster ▫ York

• House badges:

▫ House of Lancaster was a red rose ▫ House of York was a white rose

• E. Evolution of Parliament
• 1. Named from the French word parler (“to talk”)

given to meetings of the English king’s council in the mid-13th century

• 2. The Anglo-Saxon witan or witenagemot
• 3. The king’s feudal council, the Curia Regis
• 4. Resorted to by the medieval kings to help them

in running their governments

• 5. Reflected the idea that the king should consult

with his subjects

V France

Who was Joan of Arc?

• Research and record 3 facts

• A. Unifying VIP: Hugh Capet
• 1. established the French throne in Paris, and his

dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France

• 2. Founder of the Capetian Dynasty

▫ Line of French kings ▫ Ruled from 987 to 1328 ▫ Changed France  converted the loose feudal monarchy of France into a centralized government  laid the foundations of the modern French state

Hugh Capet…

• B. The Hundred Years’ War
• 1. England versus France
• 2. Helped define France as a nation

• C. VIP: Joan of Arc
• 1. A unifying factor for

France

• 2. Helped establish a

sense of French nationalism

Joan of Arc…

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaixO6NYMps

VI Spain

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NsMs4ATkteA&feature=y

• utu.be

• A. Unifying VIPs: Ferdinand and

Isabella

• 1. unified the country

and expelled Jews and Muslim Moors

• 2. The Reconquista
• (was seen as an extension of

the Crusades)

Ferdinand and Isabella sponsored Columbus!

Ferdinand and Isabella

• castle of Simancas, Spain.
• built as a defensive fortress and was later converted into a prison
• At the end of the 15th century, Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand V bought

the castle, and their grandson, Charles, later converted it into the royal archive.

• B. VIP: Charles V
• 1. Expanded the

Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere (conquering)

• 2. Spain began

challenging the Ottomans for control

• f the Mediterranean

Sea

VII Russia

• A. Unifying VIP: Ivan the Great
• Grand prince of Muscovy Ivan

III Vasilyevich

• 1.threw off the rule of the

Mongols

• 2.centralized power in

Moscow

• 3.expanded the Russian

nation

Ivan the Great Bell Tower

• 4. The tsar (czar)
• Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar

▫ Development of a small but effective bureaucracy that was loyal to the tsars alone ▫ The tsars gave estates to cavalry-men who pledged continual military service in return ▫ In the 1500s a regular infantry corps armed with firearms was formed ▫ The tsars now had an army of their own and were no longer dependent on the military forces raised by the Russian nobles

• B. Orthodox Church=
• 1. From Byzantine Empire
• 2. UNIFYING FORCE FOR

RUSSIA

WHI.14 The student will apply social science skills to understand the social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the high and late medieval periods by

• b) explaining conflicts across Europe and Asia,

including the Crusades and the fall of Constantinople;

VIII The Crusades

So what were the Crusades?

• A. War

▫ 1. control of the Holy Lands (Jerusalem) ▫ 2. Carried out by Christian political and religious leaders to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims! ▫ After 500 years of relatively little trade and cultural exchange (ideas and technology) the Crusades reopened contact between Europe, Asia, and Africa. ▫ 3. Begins trade!

• B. Saladin
• Saladin was a Muslim ruler

in the 12th century, during the time Europeans led Crusaders to the Middle East

• 1. Saladin fought the

Crusaders several times

• 2. Recaptured

Jerusalem for Muslims in 1187

• C. Pope Urban’s Speech
• 1. Pope Urban II called

for Christian princes to unite

• 2. began the campaign

to drive the Muslims

• ut of Jerusalem (“The

Holy Lands”)

• The Crusades would make

the pope the central leader in Europe

• 2. The Crusades also allowed

the pope to gain influence

• ver the Byzantine Empire

The First Crusade

King Richard the Lion-Hearted

• England’s King Richard I,

along with France’s King Philip II Augustus, and the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa, led the Third Crusade (1189-1192)

• Although the crusaders

failed to defeat the Muslims, Richard I negotiated a treaty granting Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem.

Knights of the Templar

• Established to protect Christian

pilgrims to the city of Jerusalem after the First Crusade (1095-1099)

• They later became a powerful

political and military force in both Palestine and Europe

• Templars traditionally wore a white

tunic with a red cross on it

• Numbering around 20,000 at their

peak, the Templars established fortresses in many cities in Palestine and came to be very important in defending the Crusader states, especially the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, from attacks by Muslim forces

Conquest of Damietta (Egypt)

• D. The capture of Jerusalem
• Using organization from the pope, military

expertise from western Christian knights, and funding from the Byzantine Empire

• 1. Crusaders defeated the Muslim during the

First Crusade

• 2. The Crusaders established a “foothold” for

trade and political influence for 200 years

Sack of Jerusalem

• E. Founding of Crusader States
• 1. Europeans carved out four states in Palestine, on

the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea

• 2. Many castles and fortresses were built to protect

the states from Muslim forces

• The Muslims gradually recaptured the territory

Second Crusade

• F. Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin
• Saladin was a Muslim

military leader who united various Islamic groups and gained control of Egypt, Syria, and eventually Jerusalem at the end of the Second Crusade

• The Third Crusade failed to

win Jerusalem back for the Christians

• 1. 2nd Crusade= Islam wins
• 2. 3rd Crusade= Islam wins

• G. Effects of the Crusades
• After the disappointments of the Third Crusade, Western

forces would never again threaten the real bases of Muslim

• power. From that point on, they were only able to gain

access to Jerusalem through diplomacy, not arms

• 1. Weakened the Pope and nobles; strengthened

monarchs

• 2. Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean

area and the Middle East

• 3. Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians,

Jews, and Muslims

• 4. Weakened the Byzantine Empire

• IX. The Mongols
• A. Mongol armies invaded

Russia, Southwest Asia, and China, creating an empire

• The Mongols attacked the

Islamic Empire at the same time as the Crusaders were invading from the west

• B. The Mongols were able

to reopen the “Silk Road”

• New groups from central

Asia, like the Seljuk and Ottoman Turks to the Muslim world

Mongol armies

• Genghis Khan originally

built his alliances simply to avenge his father’s death but eventually ruled an empire stretching across Asia from the Pacific to the Black Sea Genghis Khan

Mongol Expansion

MONGOL EMPIRE

(At Genghis Khan’s Death)

Russia

India

Song Dynasty

(China)

Mongolia GOBI DESERT

Arabia Asia Minor

• X. The fall of Constantinople
• Sack of Constantinople by western

Crusaders during the “Fourth Crusade”

• “Crusaders” from Venice attacked

the Byzantines instead of the Muslims to gain control of critical eastern Mediterranean Sea trade routes (Silk Road)

• A series of lesser Crusades in the

1200’s only caused the Christians to lose more land to the Turks

• The Seljuk Turks dominated the

Muslim world by the end of the Crusades

• A. Ottoman Turks
• 1. Dominated the Islamic world after the end
• f the Crusades and the expulsion of the

Mongols

• 2. Conquered the Byzantine Empire
• 3. Seized control of the Bosporus and the

western parts of the old “Silk Road”

• B. Constantinople
• Muhammad II, known as The

Conqueror, took the city in 1453, crushing the remains of the Byzantine Empire

• He rebuilt and repopulated the city

while extending the Ottoman Empire

• 1. Fell to the Ottoman Turks

in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire

• 2. Became capital of the

Ottoman Empire

• The Ottomans became the dominant

power in the Mediterranean Sea

Late Medieval Period

• What were key events

and effects of the Crusades?

• What were the effects
• f the Mongol

invasions?

• What were the effects
• f the Ottoman

invasions of Europe?

WHI.14 The student will apply social science skills to understand the social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the high and late medieval periods by

• c) explaining patterns of crisis and recovery related to

the Black Death (bubonic plague); and

XI the Black Death

(Bubonic plague)

The Black Death A.(Bubonic Plague)

• 1. In the fourteenth century, the Black Death

(bubonic plague) decimated the population of much of Asia and then the population of much of Europe

Black Death

• 2. Decline in population

▫ between 75 and 200 million people died in Europe of the Black Death ▫ between 20% of the population (in northern Europe) to 80% (in Italy and southern Europe) ▫ China- decreased from 125 million to 65 million ▫ Urban areas were hit hardest

Plague= labor decrease

• 3. Scarcity of labor

▫ Scarcity= not enough

• f or rarity

▫ The large number of deaths reduced the work force and even led to the abandonment of some towns and villages ▫ Skilled workers (from cities) had the highest death rates, especially doctors and priests

Plague= Towns freed from feudal obligations

• 4. decline of feudalism

▫ The shortage of workers forced towns (and kings) to end many feudal laws limiting changing

• ccupations and migration

Plague= decline of the Church

• 5. Decline of church influence

▫ People questioned why God was “punishing” them ▫ The pope’s inability to find a solution led to a decline in his authority ▫ The lack of priest to comfort the dying led people to question the need for priests and the papacy

Plague= disruption of trade

• 6. trade hindered
• The Late Middle Ages and the Crusades had led

to a resurgence in trade (but allowed for quick transmission of the plague)

• The decline in population led to a decline in

the demand for goods and the ability for people to move and trade easily

It took a century for Europe’s population to rebound and for trade to recover

question:

How did the Black Death alter economic and social institutions in much of Asia and then in Europe?

WHI.14 The student will apply social science skills to understand the social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the high and late medieval periods by

• d) evaluating and explaining the preservation and

transfer to Western Europe of Greek, Roman, and Arabic philosophy, medicine, and science.

Education

• Largely confined to the

clergy during the Middle Ages

• The masses were

uneducated, while the nobility was concerned with feudal obligations

• Church scholars

preserved ancient literature in monasteries in the East and West

XII Church scholars

• A. Were among the very

few who could read and write ▫ During most of the Middle Ages cathedrals and monasteries were the only schools in Western Europe

Church Scholars

• B. Worked in monasteries

▫ Most scholars were monks who translated or transcribed (copied) books by hand ▫ Transcribing a Bible could take a single monk more than a year ▫ Libraries were few and far between and rarely had more than a few dozen books

Church Scholars-Translators

• C. Translated Greek and

Arabic works into Latin ▫ Trade with the Byzantines and Arabs during the Crusades brought classical learning back to Western Europe

Church Scholars- Translators

• D. Made new knowledge in philosophy,

medicine, and science available in Europe ▫ New developments from China (compass and paper), India, (“Arabic numerals”), and Arabia (algebra, chemistry, medicine, astronomy) ▫ Were brought to Western Europe on the Silk Road

Church Scholars- Universities

• E. Church scholars laid the foundation for the

rise of universities in Europe

▫ As trade increased both monarchs and merchants needed more education ▫ Universities were founded to provide an education for people who were not planning on becoming priests or monks ▫ The curriculum was a combination of traditional church teaching and the “new” classical learning based on Greek and Roman models (with new ideas from Arabia) ▫ This new school of thought was known as “scholasticism”

University of Oxford, England

Yale University, Connecticut

Harvard University, Massachusetts

All Souls College, University of Oxford

• England’s oldest institution of higher education, the

University of Oxford was established in the 12th century by English scholars

question…

• How did European scholars begin to interpret and

value ancient learning?

Let’s see what you know…

• 1. England limited the powers of

kings and increased the power of the nobility with

• A. the Codex Justinian.
• B. the Magna Carta.
• C. the English Constitution.
• D. the Civil Constitution.

• 2. The Black Death first came to

Europe through

• A. trade.
• B. exploration.
• C. the Church.
• D. the New World.

• 3. The Hundred Years’ War was

between which countries?

• A. France and Spain
• B. Russia and France
• C. England and the Holy Roman Empire
• D. England and France

• 4. The effects of the Crusades are all
• f the following except
• A. increased trade between Asia and Europe.
• B. decreased power of the nobility in many

countries.

• C. increased tolerance and respect among

religions.

• D. increased demand for Asian imports.

• 5. With the help of Ivan the Great,

Russia was freed from the

• A. Mongols.
• B. Indians.
• C. French.
• D. Turks.

Let’s see how you did…

• 1. England limited the powers of

kings and increased the power of the nobility with

• A. the Codex Justinian.
• B. the Magna Carta.
• C. the English Constitution.
• D. the Civil Constitution.

• 2. The Black Death first came to

Europe through

• A. Trade.
• B. exploration.
• C. the Church.
• D. the New World.

• 3. The Hundred Years’ War was

between which countries?

• A. France and Spain
• B. Russia and France
• C. England and the Holy Roman Empire
• D. England and France

• 4. The effects of the Crusades are all
• f the following except
• A. increased trade between Asia and Europe.
• B. decreased power of the nobility in many

countries.

• C. increased tolerance and respect among

religions.

• D. increased demand for Asian imports.

• 5. With the help of Ivan the Great,

Russia was freed from the

• A. Mongols.
• B. Indians.
• C. French.
• D. Turks.

Choose one of the following essays for 5 points:

• 1. Using three countries, describe how nation-

states were formed in the late medieval period.

• 2. Describe three major changes that took place in the late

medieval period. Consider such factors as government, religion, and society.

• 3. Discuss the major causes and effects of the

Crusades.

• 4. Every era has “turning points” in which pivotal and

important actions occur. Discuss an important “turning point” in the late Middle Ages.

• 5. Describe three individuals who changed the

course of European and/or world history during the late medieval period.