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The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering

Dominik Engel (joint work with G¨ unther Eibl)

Josef Ressel Center for User-Centric Smart Grid Privacy & Security, Salzburg, Austria

Dagstuhl Seminar 16032

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

Outline

Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook

Diagram source: [9], Smart meter image source: Siemens

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Diagram source: [9], Smart meter image source: Siemens

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The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy

Smart Meters Non-intrusive Load Monitoring User Acceptance

The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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Non-intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM)

Source: Samsung (upper left), Amazon (upper right), load profile taken from [6]

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy

Smart Meters Non-intrusive Load Monitoring User Acceptance

The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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Non-intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM)

Source: Samsung (upper left), Amazon (upper right), load profile taken from [6]

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy

Smart Meters Non-intrusive Load Monitoring User Acceptance

The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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Non-intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM)

Source: Samsung (upper left), Amazon (upper right), load profile taken from [6]

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy

Smart Meters Non-intrusive Load Monitoring User Acceptance

The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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Non-intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM)

Source: Samsung (upper left), Amazon (upper right), load profile taken from [6]

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy

Smart Meters Non-intrusive Load Monitoring User Acceptance

The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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User Acceptance

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy

Smart Meters Non-intrusive Load Monitoring User Acceptance

The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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User Acceptance

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection

Resolution in Digital Imagery Resolution in NILM

Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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The Impact of Resolution I

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection

Resolution in Digital Imagery Resolution in NILM

Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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The Impact of Resolution I

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection

Resolution in Digital Imagery Resolution in NILM

Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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The Impact of Resolution I

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection

Resolution in Digital Imagery Resolution in NILM

Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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The Impact of Resolution I

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection

Resolution in Digital Imagery Resolution in NILM

Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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The Impact of Resolution I

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection

Resolution in Digital Imagery Resolution in NILM

Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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The Impact of Resolution I

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection

Resolution in Digital Imagery Resolution in NILM

Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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The Impact of Resolution on NILM I

◮ Kolter’s REDD dataset [7] ◮ “Low” frequency dataset: ∆t = 3s

◮ 6 houses with various appliances ◮ Appliances (circuits) & mains ◮ Focus on one house

Refrigerator Washerdryer

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection

Resolution in Digital Imagery Resolution in NILM

Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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The Impact of Resolution on NILM II

◮ Modeled as a classification problem at different

resolutions

◮ Event heights are stable → accuracy remains high ◮ Fewer events are found → recall decreases with

decreasing resolution

◮ The decrease is more pronounced for appliances with

shorter on-durations

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection

Resolution in Digital Imagery Resolution in NILM

Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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The Impact of Resolution on NILM III

0.64 0.83 0.43 0.81 0.42 0.81 0.86 0.81 0.83 0.79 0.94 0.94 0.77 0.72 0.99 0.62 0.51 0.49 0.68 0.37 0.81 0.90 0.89 0.65 0.77 0.84 0.91 0.00 0.73 0.78 0.76 0.32 0.47 0.65 0.38 0.83 0.92 0.90 0.08 0.35 0.31 0.81 0.00 0.47 0.21 0.39 0.28 0.57 0.52 0.00 0.76 0.92 0.92 0.02 0.25 0.21 0.80 0.00 0.35 0.12 0.00 0.04 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.91 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.83 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.43 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 3s 10s 30s 1m 5m 15m 1h bathroom_gfi dishwasher kitchen_outlets2 kitchen_outlets3 kitchen_outlets4 lighting1 lighting2 lighting3 microwave

• ven1
• ven2

refrigerator stove washer_dryer1 washer_dryer3

Figure: REDD-Data Set. F-score matrix for simple edge

• detection. Small values are desirable for privacy. F = 2 pr

p+r

from [3]

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation

Wavelet Transform Conditional Access Open Issues

Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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Wavelet Transform

r = 3 r = 2 r = 1 r = 0 Resolution Low-pass High-pass Original Load Data L0 H2 H1 H3

from [4]

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation

Wavelet Transform Conditional Access Open Issues

Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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Wavelet Transform & Conditional Access

r = 3 r = 2 r = 1 r = 0 Resolution Low-pass High-pass Original Load Data L0 H2 H1 H3 k0 k1 k2 L0 H3 H2 H1 k3

from [4]

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation

Wavelet Transform Conditional Access Open Issues

Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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Open Issues I

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation

Wavelet Transform Conditional Access Open Issues

Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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Open Issues II

◮ Missing “privacy measure” for reduction of personal

information by subsampling (and in general)

◮ ... and it’s always only an upper bound

◮ Are we over-engineering? Is there a problem to this

solution?

◮ Number of resolutions needed in the real world? ◮ Which resolution for which use case?

◮ Communicating this to the end-user?

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

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Conclusion

◮ Data Resolution has (of course) an impact on privacy,

which is often neglected or treated implicitly

◮ Explicit measure for the interplay is hard (due to the

lack of an objective privacy measure) Outlook & Discussion

◮ Real-world Use Cases for Wavelet-based Representation ◮ Mode of User Feedback and Interaction ◮ Combination with PETs

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

Bibliography Combination with PETs Illustration Protocol 13

Bibliography I

[1] G Acs and C Castelluccia. I have a DREAM! (DiffeRentially privatE smArt Metering). In Proc. Information Hiding Conference, pages 118–132, 2011. [2] Benessa Defend and Klaus Kursawe. Implementation of privacy-friendly aggregation for the smart grid. In Proceedings ACM Workshop on Smart Energy Grid Security, SEGS 2013, pages 65–74, 2013. [3] G¨ unther Eibl and Dominik Engel. Influence of Data Granularity on Smart Meter Privacy. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 6(2):930–939, 2015.

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

Bibliography Combination with PETs Illustration Protocol 14

Bibliography II

[4] D. Engel and G. Eibl. Wavelet-based multiresolution smart meter privacy. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, PP(99):1–12, 2016. preprint. [5] Z Erkin, J R Troncoso-Pastoriza, R L Lagendijk, and F Perez-Gonzalez. Privacy-Preserving Data Aggregation in Smart Metering Systems: An Overview. Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE, 30(2):75–86, 2013. [6] Ulrich Greveler, Benjamin Justus, and Dennis L¨

• hr.

Multimedia Content Identification Through Smart Meter Power Usage Profiles. In Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Information and Knowledge Engineering (IKE’12), Las Vegas, USA, 2012.

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

Bibliography Combination with PETs Illustration Protocol 15

Bibliography III

[7] J.Zico Kolter and M J Johnson. Redd: A Public Data Set for Energy Disaggregation Research. In Workshop on Data Mining Applications in Sustainability (SIGKDD), pages 1–6, aug 2011. [8] Klaus Kursawe, George Danezis, and Markulf Kohlweiss. Privacy-friendly aggregation for the smart-grid. In Privacy Enhancing Technologies – 11th International Symposium, PETS 2011, pages 175–191, 2011. [9] E L Quinn. Privacy and the New Energy Infrastructure. Social Science Research Network (SSRN), 2009.

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

Bibliography Combination with PETs Illustration Protocol 16

Combination with PETs I

Masking [8, 2] [1] Benessa Defend and Klaus Kursawe. Implementation of privacy-friendly aggregation for the smart grid. In Proceedings ACM Workshop on Smart Energy Grid Security, SEGS 2013, pages 65–74, 2013. [2] Klaus Kursawe, George Danezis, and Markulf Kohlweiss. Privacy-friendly aggregation for the smart-grid. In Privacy Enhancing Technologies – 11th International Symposium, PETS 2011, pages 175–191, 2011.

The Interplay of Data Resolution and Privacy in Smart Metering Smart Meter Privacy The Impact of Resolution on Appliance Detection Multi-resolution Load Profile Representation Conclusion & Outlook Appendix

Bibliography Combination with PETs Illustration Protocol 17

Combination with PETs II

Homomorphic Aggregation [5] [1] Z Erkin, J R Troncoso-Pastoriza, R L Lagendijk, and F Perez-Gonzalez. Privacy-Preserving Data Aggregation in Smart Metering Systems: An Overview. Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE, 30(2):75–86, 2013. Differential Privacy [1] [1] G Acs and C Castelluccia. I have a DREAM! (DiffeRentially privatE smArt Metering). In Proc. Information Hiding Conference, pages 118–132, 2011.

k0..d Wd E DC L Cd Wd r'≤d Cr' Lr'

User Domain Data Concentrator Recipient 3 Recipient 2

Cr' D kr' Wr'

• 1

Wr' r''≤r' Cr'' D kr'' Wr'' Wr''

• 1

Lr'' r≤d

Recipient 1

Cr D kr Wr

• 1

Wr Lr Tr Tr' Tr''

Recipients

Figure: Illustration of Wavelet-based Multi-Resolution Privacy: Three communication paths from user domain to recipient.

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