Security Council Resolution 1540 Security Council Resolution 1540 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Dana Perkins, PhD Dana Perkins, PhD 1540 Committee Expert 1540 Committee Expert

Security Council Resolution 1540 and Personnel Reliability Measures Security Council Resolution 1540 Security Council Resolution 1540 and Personnel Reliability Measures and Personnel Reliability Measures

Unless otherwise specified, the opinions presented here are those of the presenter and may not necessarily reflect the views of the 1540 Committee, its Group of Experts, or the UN Security Council

Biological Threats Biological Threats

• The dual-use nature of biotechnology impedes

situational awareness

• “Traditionally, there are also connections between

state weapons programs and terrorist capabilities, and the possibility of non the possibility of non-

• state actors acquiring weapons

state actors acquiring weapons from a state cannot be ruled out from a state cannot be ruled out…”- UNICRI, Security Implications of Synthetic Biology and Nanobiotechnology, 2012

• Advances in science and technology may facilitate the

development of effective bioweapons and further complicate existing non-proliferation and export control efforts intended to constrain access to, and proliferation

• f, dangerous pathogens and relevant dual-use

technologies International nonproliferation, arms control conventions, and th International nonproliferation, arms control conventions, and threat reduction reat reduction initiatives serve as the principal means to prevent illicit traf initiatives serve as the principal means to prevent illicit trafficking of biological ficking of biological materials and technologies materials and technologies

Biological Threats: Biological Threats: Where is Where is “ “The Perfect Storm The Perfect Storm” ”? ?

Intent Intent Motivation Motivation Commitment Commitment Acquisition Acquisition Possession Possession Scientific/ Scientific/ Technical Technical Capability Capability

USE USE

(CDC photo)

“The human factor is a key element in any effective non-proliferation

• policy. Scientists…play an important role in this respect, for example

in working together on projects that advance international, regional,

• r bilateral non-proliferation objectives”

BWC BWC UNSCR 1540 UNSCR 1540

INTERPOL INTERPOL

FAO FAO WHO WHO OIE OIE

NGOs NGOs

Scientific Organizations Scientific Organizations

Professional Associations Professional Associations

Governments Governments P S I P S I

Industry Industry

Academia Academia

Individuals Individuals

G8 GP G8 GP NATO NATO

Australia Group Australia Group

OSCE OSCE

ASEAN ASEAN … … and others and others

Resolution 1540 (2004): Resolution 1540 (2004): Binding Obligations on All States Binding Obligations on All States and Synergy with International Regimes and Synergy with International Regimes

Security Council Meets on Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction UN Photo / Eskinder Debebe, 28 April 2004

Resolution 1540 (2004) imposes binding obligations on all States to adopt legislation to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological biological weapons weapons, and their means of delivery, and establish appropriate domestic establish appropriate domestic controls over related materials controls over related materials to prevent their illicit trafficking by non- State actors. “ … calls upon States to renew and fulfill their commitment to multi calls upon States to renew and fulfill their commitment to multilateral lateral cooperation cooperation, in particular within the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, as important means of pursuing and achieving their common objectives in the area of common objectives in the area of non non-

• proliferation and of promoting international cooperation for pea

proliferation and of promoting international cooperation for peaceful ceful purposes purposes ”, UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004), http://www.un.org/sc/1540

National legislation on prohibitions (OP.1 & 2) Domestic controls and enforcement (OP. 3a & 3b)

• Accounting for, securing, physical protection
• Border controls
• Export and trans-shipment controls

Assistance (OP. 7) Promotion & implementation of multilateral

treaties (OP. 8)

Promotion of dialogue & cooperation (OP. 9 & 10) Reporting (OP. 4)

Resolution 1540 (2004) Resolution 1540 (2004) -

• Highlights

Highlights

OP = Operative Paragraph of Resolution 1540 (2004)

• The Committee established pursuant to OP. 4 of res. 1540 (2004) is known as

the the 1540 Committee 1540 Committee

• The 1540 Committee is a subsidiary body of the Security Council
• Chair:

Chair: ROK; Vice Vice-

• Chairs:

Chairs: Azerbaijan, Luxembourg, & UK; Members: Members: Argentina, Azerbaijan, Australia, China, France, Guatemala, Luxembourg, Morocco, Pakistan, ROK, Russia, Rwanda, Togo, UK, & US

• The current Group of Experts

Group of Experts was established per resolutions 1977 (2011)

and 2055 (2012) “ “to assist the Committee in carrying out its mandate to assist the Committee in carrying out its mandate…” …”

The 1540 Committee The 1540 Committee The 1540 Committee

Ambassador Kim Sook 1540 Committee Chairman The 54th formal meeting of the 1540 Committee, 20 February 2013

The The 1540 Committee and its Experts 1540 Committee and its Experts

• Receive and examine reports

Receive and examine reports to to monitor

monitor implementation implementation

• Promote greater awareness

Promote greater awareness

• f resolution 1540, including
• f resolution 1540, including

by by outreach and

• utreach and

dialogue with Member dialogue with Member States States

• Facilitate capacity

Facilitate capacity building and building and assistance assistance by providing a

by providing a “ “clearing house clearing house” ” function function

• Tools:

Tools:

• National matrices
• Template for assistance

requests

• 1540 Committee website
• Ways and Means:

Ways and Means:

• Cooperation with other
• rganizations
• Outreach events
• Visits to States at their invitation

http://www.un.org/sc/1540 http://www.un.org/sc/1540

The 1540 Matrix The 1540 Matrix

• Information is primarily from national reports and complemented by official

government information, including that from intergovernmental organizations

• The matrix template has 382 “fields” covering national activities related to the 1540
• perative paragraphs
• The national matrices are prepared and used by the 1540 Committee but national

authorities may also utilize the template to identify gaps and areas for improvement to identify gaps and areas for improvement

• National matrices are used as a reference tool for facilitating technical assistance

and the Committee’s constructive dialogue with States on their implementation of resolution 1540 (2004)

http://www.un.org/en/sc/1540/national http://www.un.org/en/sc/1540/national-

• implementation/1540

implementation/1540-

• matrix/committee

matrix/committee-

• approved

approved-

• matrices.shtml

matrices.shtml

Definitions for the purpose of Definitions for the purpose of resolution 1540 (2004) resolution 1540 (2004)

• Means of delivery:

Means of delivery: missiles, rockets and other unmanned systems capable of delivering nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons, that are specially designed for such use

• Non

Non-

• State actor:

State actor: individual or entity, not acting under the lawful authority of any State in conducting activities which come within the scope of this resolution

• Related materials:

Related materials: materials, equipment and technology covered by covered by relevant multilateral treaties & arrangements, relevant multilateral treaties & arrangements,

• r included on national control lists
• r included on national control lists, which could be used

for the design, development, production or use of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and their means of delivery

Resolution 1540 (2004) and Resolution 1540 (2004) and national control lists national control lists

“[ The Security Council ] acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations: … 6. Recognizes the utility in implementing this resolution of effective national control lists and calls upon all Member States, when necessary, to pursue at the earliest

• pportunity the development of

such lists…” - UN Security Council

Resolution 1540 (2004), http://www.un.org/sc/1540

Biological agents under the BWC and Biological agents under the BWC and resolution 1540 (2004) resolution 1540 (2004)

• Almost any disease

Almost any disease-

• causing organism

causing organism (such as bacteria,

(such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions or rickettsiae) or toxin (poisons derived viruses, fungi, prions or rickettsiae) or toxin (poisons derived from animals, from animals, plants or microorganisms, or similar substances synthetically pr plants or microorganisms, or similar substances synthetically produced) can

• duced) can

be used in biological weapons be used in biological weapons” ” -

• Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)

Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) – –

• As implied in

As implied in Article I of the BWC

Article I of the BWC, which forbids states parties

, which forbids states parties to develop, produce, stockpile, or otherwise acquire or retain to develop, produce, stockpile, or otherwise acquire or retain “ “microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their o microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or rigin or method of production, of types and in purposes method of production, of types and in purposes” ”, , the treaty

the treaty applies to biological agents and toxins that are applies to biological agents and toxins that are synthetically produced or modified synthetically produced or modified

• Similarly, such biological agents and toxins fall under the defi

Similarly, such biological agents and toxins fall under the definition of nition of “ “related materials

related materials”

” for the purpose of for the purpose of resolution 1540

resolution 1540

Example of personnel reliability qualifying criteria (USA, BPRP)

• Mentally alert, stable, trustworthy,

physically competent, free of unstable medical conditions

• Dependable, responsible, perform

in approved manner

• Flexibility in adjusting to changes

in working environment

• Good social adjustment
• Sound judgment in adverse or

emergency situations

• Physical ability to perform

required duties

• Positive attitude towards the

reliability program Example of personnel reliability qualifying criteria (USA, BPRP)

• Mentally alert, stable, trustworthy,

physically competent, free of unstable medical conditions

• Dependable, responsible, perform

in approved manner

• Flexibility in adjusting to changes

in working environment

• Good social adjustment
• Sound judgment in adverse or

emergency situations

• Physical ability to perform

required duties

• Positive attitude towards the

reliability program

• Measures to account for / secure

production, use, storage, & transport production, use, storage, & transport

• Regulations for physical protection
• f facilities / materials / transports

facilities / materials / transports

• Licensing/registration of facilities /

facilities / people people handling biological materials

• Reliability check of personnel

Reliability check of personnel

• Measures to account for / secure /

physically protect means of delivery means of delivery

• Genetic engineering regulations

enetic engineering regulations

• Other legislation / regulations related

to safety and security of biological safety and security of biological materials materials

Domestic control of BW Domestic control of BW-

• related materials & means of delivery

related materials & means of delivery (resolution 1540, Operative Paragraphs 3 a & b) (resolution 1540, Operative Paragraphs 3 a & b)* *

* 1540 matrix fields

Example of training requirements for Example of training requirements for chemical and biological reliability programs chemical and biological reliability programs

https://www.ecbc.army.mil/CBRNE-MSC/prp.html

Select Data Analysis of Select Data Analysis of 1540 Committee 1540 Committee-

• approved Matrices

approved Matrices

* 2010 data

Select Entries from the Select Entries from the 1540 Committee 1540 Committee-

• approved Matrices

approved Matrices

Japan Australia Switzerland UK USA

Assistance and Capacity Assistance and Capacity-

• Building

Building

• The Security Council recognizes that

some States may require assistance in implementing resolution 1540, and invites those in a position to do so to

• ffer assistance as appropriate in

response to specific requests to the States lacking the legal and regulatory infrastructure, implementation experience and / or resources

• The Security Council encourages

States that have requests for assistance to convey them to the 1540 Committee

Requests for Assistance (RFAs) Requests for Assistance (RFAs)

All RFAs correspondence should be sent to: All RFAs correspondence should be sent to: H.E. Ambassador KIM Sook, Chairman of 1540 Committee Secretariat of the 1540 Committee 730 Third Avenue, TB-08040E United Nations, New York, NY 10017 Fax: 212-963-1300, Email: sc sc-

• 1540

1540-

• Committee@un.org

Committee@un.org

http://www.un.org/sc/1540

“ “Governments alone cannot confront the Governments alone cannot confront the risks posed by biological weapons ... to risks posed by biological weapons ... to manage the full spectrum of biological manage the full spectrum of biological risks, you need a cohesive, coordinated risks, you need a cohesive, coordinated network of activities and resources. Such network of activities and resources. Such a network will help to ensure that a network will help to ensure that biological science and technology can be biological science and technology can be safely and securely developed for the safely and securely developed for the benefit of all. benefit of all.” ”

• Ban Ki

Ban Ki-

• moon, UN Secretary

moon, UN Secretary-

• General, 2008

General, 2008

Dana Perkins, PhD Dana Perkins, PhD

1540 Committee Expert 1540 Committee Expert United Nations United Nations 300 East 42 300 East 42nd

nd St., Suite IN

St., Suite IN-

• 03074H

03074H New York, NY 10017 New York, NY 10017 Tel: +1 (917) 367 6023 (office) Tel: +1 (917) 367 6023 (office) E E-

• mail:

mail: PerkinsD@un.org erkinsD@un.org

Contact information for Contact information for questions or comments: questions or comments:

Collective e Collective e-

• mail: 1540experts@un.org

mail: 1540experts@un.org