Imperfective indicative forms of two Latin verbs MON Ē RE ‘warn’ VER Ē R Ī ‘fear’ Present Imperfect Future Present Imperfect Future 1sg mone ō mon ē bam mon ē b ō vereor ver ē bar ver ē bor A 2sg mon ē s mon ē b ā s mon ē bis ver ē ris ver ē b ā ris ver ē beris C 3sg monet mon ē bat mon ē bit ver ē tur ver ē b ā tur ver ē bitur T I 1pl mon ē mus mon ē b ā mus mon ē bimus ver ē mur ver ē b ā mur ver ē bimur V 2pl mon ē tis mon ē b ā tis mon ē bitis ver ē min ī ver ē b ā min ī ver ē bimin ī E 3pl monent mon ē bant mon ē bunt verentur ver ē bantur ver ē buntur P 1sg moneor mon ē bar mon ē bor A 2sg mon ē ris mon ē b ā ris mon ē beris S 3sg mon ē tur mon ē b ā tur mon ē bitur S 1pl mon ē mur mon ē b ā mur mon ē bimur I 2pl mon ē min ī mon ē b ā min ī mon ē bimin ī V 3pl monentur mon ē bantur mon ē buntur E
Imperfective indicative forms of two Latin verbs MON Ē RE ‘warn’ VER Ē R Ī ‘fear’ Present Imperfect Future Present Imperfect Future 1sg mone ō mon ē bam mon ē b ō vereor ver ē bar ver ē bor A 2sg mon ē s mon ē b ā s mon ē bis ver ē ris ver ē b ā ris ver ē beris C 3sg monet mon ē bat mon ē bit ver ē tur ver ē b ā tur ver ē bitur T I 1pl mon ē mus mon ē b ā mus mon ē bimus ver ē mur ver ē b ā mur ver ē bimur V 2pl mon ē tis mon ē b ā tis mon ē bitis ver ē min ī ver ē b ā min ī ver ē bimin ī E 3pl monent mon ē bant mon ē bunt verentur ver ē bantur ver ē buntur P 1sg moneor mon ē bar mon ē bor A 2sg mon ē ris mon ē b ā ris mon ē beris S 3sg mon ē tur mon ē b ā tur mon ē bitur S 1pl mon ē mur mon ē b ā mur mon ē bimur I 2pl mon ē min ī mon ē b ā min ī mon ē bimin ī V 3pl monentur mon ē bantur mon ē buntur E
Imperfective indicative forms of two Latin verbs MON Ē RE ‘warn’ VER Ē R Ī ‘fear’ Present Imperfect Future Present Imperfect Future 1sg mone ō mon ē bam mon ē b ō A 2sg mon ē s mon ē b ā s mon ē bis C 3sg monet mon ē bat mon ē bit T I 1pl mon ē mus mon ē b ā mus mon ē bimus V 2pl mon ē tis mon ē b ā tis mon ē bitis E 3pl monent mon ē bant mon ē bunt P 1sg moneor mon ē bar mon ē bor vereor ver ē bar ver ē bor A 2sg mon ē ris mon ē b ā ris mon ē beris ver ē ris ver ē b ā ris ver ē beris S 3sg mon ē tur mon ē b ā tur mon ē bitur ver ē tur ver ē b ā tur ver ē bitur S 1pl mon ē mur mon ē b ā mur mon ē bimur ver ē mur ver ē b ā mur ver ē bimur I 2pl mon ē min ī mon ē b ā min ī mon ē bimin ī ver ē min ī ver ē b ā min ī ver ē bimin ī V 3pl monentur mon ē bantur mon ē buntur verentur ver ē bantur ver ē buntur E
The paradigm linkage model of the interface of semantic interpretation with inflectional morphology: A lexeme has two distinct paradigms, one the basis for the semantic interpretation of its word forms, the other the basis for their inflectional realization.
The paradigm linkage model of the interface of semantic interpretation with inflectional morphology: A lexeme has two distinct paradigms, one the basis for the semantic interpretation of its word forms, the other the basis for their inflectional realization.
The paradigm linkage model of the interface of semantic interpretation with inflectional morphology: A language’s inflectional morphology must therefore define: • its inflectional exponents • the relation between the two sorts of paradigm
Two types of paradigm in natural language Content a set of content cells , each the paradigm pairing of a lexeme L with a morphosyntactic property set with which L may be associated in syntax Form a set of form cells , each the paradigm pairing of a stem with a morphosyntactic property set for which it is inflectable
Two types of paradigm in natural language Content a set of content cells , each the paradigm pairing of a lexeme L with a morphosyntactic property set with which L may be associated in syntax Form a set of form cells , each the paradigm pairing of a stem with a morphosyntactic property set for which it is inflectable
Two types of paradigm in natural language Content a set of content cells , each the paradigm pairing of a lexeme L with a morphosyntactic property set with which L may be associated in syntax Form a set of form cells , each the paradigm pairing of a stem with a morphosyntactic property set for which it is inflectable
λ y λ Z 3 x [x Z 3 → Imperfect(ˆ[ praise ˈ ( x , y )])] ↑ SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION LAUD Ā RE , {3 plural imperfect indicative active} Content: ↓ PARADIGM LINKAGE laud ā , {3 plural imperfect indicative active} Form: ↓ MORPHOLOGICAL REALIZATION laud ā‐ ba ‐ nt
λ y λ Z 3 x [x Z 3 → Imperfect(ˆ[ praise ˈ ( x , y )])] ↑ SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION LAUD Ā RE , {3 plural imperfect indicative active} Content: ↓ PARADIGM LINKAGE laud ā , {3 plural imperfect indicative active} Form: ↓ MORPHOLOGICAL REALIZATION laud ā‐ ba ‐ nt
λ y λ Z 3 x [x Z 3 → Imperfect(ˆ[ praise ˈ ( x , y )])] ↑ SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION LAUD Ā RE , {3 plural imperfect indicative active} Content: ↓ PARADIGM LINKAGE laud ā , {3 plural imperfect indicative active} Form: ↓ MORPHOLOGICAL REALIZATION laud ā‐ ba ‐ nt
λ y λ Z 3 x [x Z 3 → Imperfect(ˆ[ praise ˈ ( x , y )])] ↑ SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION LAUD Ā RE , {3 plural imperfect indicative active} Content: ↓ PARADIGM LINKAGE laud ā , {3 plural imperfect indicative active} Form: ↓ MORPHOLOGICAL REALIZATION laud ā‐ ba ‐ nt
λ y λ Z 3 x [x Z 3 → Imperfect(ˆ[ praise ˈ ( x , y )])] ↑ SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION LAUD Ā RE , {3 plural imperfect indicative active} Content: ↓ PARADIGM LINKAGE laud ā , {3 plural imperfect indicative active} Form: ↓ MORPHOLOGICAL REALIZATION laud ā‐ ba ‐ nt
λ y λ Z 3 x [x Z 3 → Imperfect(ˆ[ praise ˈ ( x , y )])] ↑ SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION LAUD Ā RE , {3 plural imperfect indicative active} Content: ↓ PARADIGM LINKAGE laud ā , {3 plural imperfect indicative active} Form: ↓ MORPHOLOGICAL REALIZATION laud ā‐ ba ‐ nt
λ y λ x 3 [Future(ˆ[ warn ˈ ( x 3 , y )])] λ y λ x 3 [Future(ˆ[ fear ˈ ( x 3 , y )])] ↑ MON Ē RE , {3sg future indic active} VER Ē R Ī , {3sg future indic active} ↓ ↓ mon ē , {3sg future indic active} ver ē , {3sg future indic active} ↓ ↓ mon ē bit ver ē bit λ y 3 x [Future(ˆ[ warn ˈ ( x , y 3 )])] λ y 3 x [Future(ˆ[ fear ˈ ( x , y 3 )])] ↑ ↑ MON Ē RE , {3sg future indic passive} ↓ Content cells mon ē , {3sg future indic passive} ↓ ↓ mon ē bitur ver ē bitur
λ y λ x 3 [Future(ˆ[ warn ˈ ( x 3 , y )])] λ y λ x 3 [Future(ˆ[ fear ˈ ( x 3 , y )])] ↑ MON Ē RE , {3sg future indic active} VER Ē R Ī , {3sg future indic active} ↓ ↓ mon ē , {3sg future indic active} ver ē , {3sg future indic active} ↓ ↓ mon ē bit ver ē bit λ y 3 x [Future(ˆ[ warn ˈ ( x , y 3 )])] λ y 3 x [Future(ˆ[ fear ˈ ( x , y 3 )])] ↑ ↑ MON Ē RE , {3sg future indic passive} ↓ Content cells mon ē , {3sg future indic passive} ↓ ↓ mon ē bitur ver ē bitur
λ y λ x 3 [Future(ˆ[ warn ˈ ( x 3 , y )])] λ y λ x 3 [Future(ˆ[ fear ˈ ( x 3 , y )])] ↑ MON Ē RE , {3sg future indic active} VER Ē R Ī , {3sg future indic active} ↓ ↓ mon ē , {3sg future indic active} ver ē , {3sg future indic active} ↓ ↓ mon ē bit ver ē bit λ y 3 x [Future(ˆ[ warn ˈ ( x , y 3 )])] λ y 3 x [Future(ˆ[ fear ˈ ( x , y 3 )])] ↑ ↑ MON Ē RE , {3sg future indic passive} ↓ Content cells mon ē , {3sg future indic passive} ↓ ↓ mon ē bitur ver ē bitur
λ y λ x 3 [Future(ˆ[ warn ˈ ( x 3 , y )])] λ y λ x 3 [Future(ˆ[ fear ˈ ( x 3 , y )])] ↑ ↑ MON Ē RE , {3sg future indic active} VER Ē R Ī , {3sg future indic active} ↓ ↓ mon ē , {3sg future indic active} ver ē , {3sg future indic active} ↓ ↓ mon ē bit ver ē bit λ y 3 x [Future(ˆ[ warn ˈ ( x , y 3 )])] λ y 3 x [Future(ˆ[ fear ˈ ( x , y 3 )])] ↑ ↑ MON Ē RE , {3sg future indic passive} ↓ Content cells mon ē , {3sg future indic passive} ↓ ↓ mon ē bitur ver ē bitur
λ y λ x 3 [Future(ˆ[ warn ˈ ( x 3 , y )])] λ y λ x 3 [Future(ˆ[ fear ˈ ( x 3 , y )])] ↑ MON Ē RE , {3sg future indic active} VER Ē R Ī , {3sg future indic active} ↓ ↓ mon ē , {3sg future indic active} ver ē , {3sg future indic active} ↓ ↓ mon ē bit ver ē bit λ y 3 x [Future(ˆ[ fear ˈ ( x , y 3 )])] Form cells ↑ MON Ē RE , {3sg future indic passive} ↓ mon ē , {3sg future indic passive} ver ē , {3sg future indic passive} ↓ ↓ mon ē bitur ver ē bitur
λ y λ x 3 [Future(ˆ[ warn ˈ ( x 3 , y )])] λ y λ x 3 [Future(ˆ[ fear ˈ ( x 3 , y )])] ↑ MON Ē RE , {3sg future indic active} VER Ē R Ī , {3sg future indic active} ↓ ↓ mon ē , {3sg future indic active} ver ē , {3sg future indic active} ↓ ↓ mon ē bit ver ē bit λ y 3 x [Future(ˆ[ fear ˈ ( x , y 3 )])] Form cells ↑ MON Ē RE , {3sg future indic passive} ↓ mon ē , {3sg future indic passive} ver ē , {3sg future indic passive} ↓ ↓ mon ē bitur ver ē bitur
λ y λ x 3 [Future(ˆ[ warn ˈ ( x 3 , y )])] λ y λ x 3 [Future(ˆ[ fear ˈ ( x 3 , y )])] ↑ ↑ MON Ē RE , {3sg future indic active} VER Ē R Ī , {3sg future indic active} ↓ ↓ mon ē , {3sg future indic active} ver ē , {3sg future indic active} ↓ ↓ mon ē bit ver ē bit λ y 3 x [Future(ˆ[ warn ˈ ( x , y 3 )])] λ y 3 x [Future(ˆ[ fear ˈ ( x , y 3 )])] ↑ ↑ MON Ē RE , {3sg future indic passive} ↓ mon ē , {3sg future indic passive} ver ē , {3sg future indic passive} ↓ ↓ mon ē bitur ver ē bitur
Kashmiri morphomic tense inflection In Kashmiri, verbs have three past tenses: • recent past • indefinite past • remote past.
WUPH ‘fly’, 3 rd conj. A Kashmiri verb: WUP ‘burn inside’, Conj. II Masc Fem Masc Fem Recent Sg 1 wupus wupÜs wuphy ō s wuphy ē y ɛ s past 2 wupukh wupÜkh wuphy ō kh wuphy ē y ɛ kh 3 wupU wupÜ wuphy ō v wuphy ē y ɛ Pl 1 wupI wup ɛ wuphy ē y wuphy ē y ɛ 2 wupIwa wup ɛ wa wuphy ē wa wuphy ē y ɛ wa 3 wupI wup ɛ wuphy ē y wuphy ē y ɛ Indefinite Sg 1 wupy ō s wupy ē y ɛ s wuphy ā s wuphy ē y ɛ s past 2 wupy ō kh wupy ē y ɛ kh wuphy ā kh wuphy ē y ɛ kh 3 wupy ō v wupy ē y ɛ wuphy ā v wuphy ē y ɛ Pl 1 wupy ē y wupy ē y ɛ wuphy ā y wuphy ē y ɛ 2 wupy ē wa wupy ē y ɛ wa wuphy ā wa wuphy ē y ɛ wa 3 wupy ē y wupy ē y ɛ wuphy ā y wuphy ē y ɛ Remote Sg 1 wupy ā s wupy ē y ɛ s wuphiy ā s wuphiy ē y ɛ s past 2 wupy ā kh wupy ē y ɛ kh wuphiy ā kh wuphiy ē y ɛ kh 3 wupy ā v wupy ē y ɛ wuphiy ā v wuphiy ē y ɛ Pl 1 wupy ā y wupy ē y ɛ wuphiy ā y wuphiy ē y ɛ 2 wupy ā wa wupy ē y ɛ wa wuphiy ā wa wuphiy ē y ɛ wa 3 wupy ā y wupy ē y ɛ wuphiy ā y wuphiy ē y ɛ
WUPH ‘fly’, 3 rd conj. A Kashmiri verb: WUP ‘burn inside’, Conj. II Masc Fem Masc Fem Recent Sg 1 wupus wupÜs wuphy ō s wuphy ē y ɛ s past 2 wupukh wupÜkh wuphy ō kh wuphy ē y ɛ kh 3 wupU wupÜ wuphy ō v wuphy ē y ɛ Pl 1 wupI wup ɛ wuphy ē y wuphy ē y ɛ 2 wupIwa wup ɛ wa wuphy ē wa wuphy ē y ɛ wa 3 wupI wup ɛ wuphy ē y wuphy ē y ɛ Indefinite Sg 1 wupy ō s wupy ē y ɛ s wuphy ā s wuphy ē y ɛ s past 2 wupy ō kh wupy ē y ɛ kh wuphy ā kh wuphy ē y ɛ kh 3 wupy ō v wupy ē y ɛ wuphy ā v wuphy ē y ɛ Pl 1 wupy ē y wupy ē y ɛ wuphy ā y wuphy ē y ɛ 2 wupy ē wa wupy ē y ɛ wa wuphy ā wa wuphy ē y ɛ wa 3 wupy ē y wupy ē y ɛ wuphy ā y wuphy ē y ɛ Remote Sg 1 wupy ā s wupy ē y ɛ s wuphiy ā s wuphiy ē y ɛ s past 2 wupy ā kh wupy ē y ɛ kh wuphiy ā kh wuphiy ē y ɛ kh 3 wupy ā v wupy ē y ɛ wuphiy ā v wuphiy ē y ɛ Pl 1 wupy ā y wupy ē y ɛ wuphiy ā y wuphiy ē y ɛ 2 wupy ā wa wupy ē y ɛ wa wuphiy ā wa wuphiy ē y ɛ wa 3 wupy ā y wupy ē y ɛ wuphiy ā y wuphiy ē y ɛ
Two Kashmiri verbs: WUP ‘burn inside’, Conj. II WUPH ‘fly’, Conj. III Masc Fem Masc Fem Recent Sg 1 wupus wupÜs wuphy ō s wuphy ē y ɛ s past 2 wupukh wupÜkh wuphy ō kh wuphy ē y ɛ kh 3 wupU wupÜ wuphy ō v wuphy ē y ɛ Pl 1 wupI wup ɛ wuphy ē y wuphy ē y ɛ 2 wupIwa wup ɛ wa wuphy ē wa wuphy ē y ɛ wa 3 wupI wup ɛ wuphy ē y wuphy ē y ɛ Indefinite Sg 1 wupy ō s wupy ē y ɛ s wuphy ā s wuphy ē y ɛ s past 2 wupy ō kh wupy ē y ɛ kh wuphy ā kh wuphy ē y ɛ kh 3 wupy ō v wupy ē y ɛ wuphy ā v wuphy ē y ɛ Pl 1 wupy ē y wupy ē y ɛ wuphy ā y wuphy ē y ɛ 2 wupy ē wa wupy ē y ɛ wa wuphy ā wa wuphy ē y ɛ wa 3 wupy ē y wupy ē y ɛ wuphy ā y wuphy ē y ɛ Remote Sg 1 wupy ā s wupy ē y ɛ s wuphiy ā s wuphiy ē y ɛ s past 2 wupy ā kh wupy ē y ɛ kh wuphiy ā kh wuphiy ē y ɛ kh 3 wupy ā v wupy ē y ɛ wuphiy ā v wuphiy ē y ɛ Pl 1 wupy ā y wupy ē y ɛ wuphiy ā y wuphiy ē y ɛ 2 wupy ā wa wupy ē y ɛ wa wuphiy ā wa wuphiy ē y ɛ wa 3 wupy ā y wupy ē y ɛ wuphiy ā y wuphiy ē y ɛ
Two Kashmiri Conjugation II Conjugation III conjugations: Masc Fem Masc Fem Recent Sg 1 ‐ us ‐ Üs ‐ y ō s ‐ y ē y ɛ s past 2 ‐ ukh ‐ Ükh ‐ y ō kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh 3 ‐ U ‐ Ü ‐ y ō v ‐ y ē y ɛ Pl 1 ‐ I ‐ɛ ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ 2 ‐ Iwa ‐ɛ wa ‐ y ē wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa 3 ‐ I ‐ɛ ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ Indefinite Sg 1 ‐ y ō s ‐ y ē y ɛ s ‐ y ā s ‐ y ē y ɛ s past 2 ‐ y ō kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh ‐ y ā kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh 3 ‐ y ō v ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ y ā v ‐ y ē y ɛ Pl 1 ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ 2 ‐ y ē wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa ‐ y ā wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa 3 ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ Remote Sg 1 ‐ y ā s ‐ y ē y ɛ s ‐ iy ā s ‐ iy ē y ɛ s past 2 ‐ y ā kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh ‐ iy ā kh ‐ iy ē y ɛ kh 3 ‐ y ā v ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ iy ā v ‐ iy ē y ɛ Pl 1 ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ iy ā y ‐ iy ē y ɛ 2 ‐ y ā wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa ‐ iy ā wa ‐ iy ē y ɛ wa 3 ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ iy ā y ‐ iy ē y ɛ
Two Kashmiri Conjugation II Conjugation III conjugations: Masc Fem Masc Fem Recent Sg 1 ‐ us ‐ Üs ‐ y ō s ‐ y ē y ɛ s past 2 ‐ ukh ‐ Ükh ‐ y ō kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh 3 ‐ U ‐ Ü ‐ y ō v ‐ y ē y ɛ Pl 1 ‐ I ‐ɛ ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ 2 ‐ Iwa ‐ɛ wa ‐ y ē wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa 3 ‐ I ‐ɛ ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ Indefinite Sg 1 ‐ y ō s ‐ y ē y ɛ s ‐ y ā s ‐ y ē y ɛ s past 2 ‐ y ō kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh ‐ y ā kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh 3 ‐ y ō v ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ y ā v ‐ y ē y ɛ Pl 1 ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ 2 ‐ y ē wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa ‐ y ā wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa 3 ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ Remote Sg 1 ‐ y ā s ‐ y ē y ɛ s ‐ iy ā s ‐ iy ē y ɛ s past 2 ‐ y ā kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh ‐ iy ā kh ‐ iy ē y ɛ kh 3 ‐ y ā v ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ iy ā v ‐ iy ē y ɛ Pl 1 ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ iy ā y ‐ iy ē y ɛ 2 ‐ y ā wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa ‐ iy ā wa ‐ iy ē y ɛ wa 3 ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ iy ā y ‐ iy ē y ɛ
Two Kashmiri Conjugation II Conjugation III conjugations: Masc Fem Masc Fem Recent Sg 1 ‐ us ‐ Üs ‐ y ō s ‐ y ē y ɛ s past 2 ‐ ukh ‐ Ükh ‐ y ō kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh 3 ‐ U ‐ Ü ‐ y ō v ‐ y ē y ɛ Pl 1 ‐ I ‐ɛ ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ 2 ‐ Iwa ‐ɛ wa ‐ y ē wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa 3 ‐ I ‐ɛ ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ Indefinite Sg 1 ‐ y ō s ‐ y ē y ɛ s ‐ y ā s ‐ y ē y ɛ s past 2 ‐ y ō kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh ‐ y ā kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh 3 ‐ y ō v ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ y ā v ‐ y ē y ɛ Pl 1 ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ 2 ‐ y ē wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa ‐ y ā wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa 3 ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ Remote Sg 1 ‐ y ā s ‐ y ē y ɛ s ‐ iy ā s ‐ iy ē y ɛ s past 2 ‐ y ā kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh ‐ iy ā kh ‐ iy ē y ɛ kh 3 ‐ y ā v ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ iy ā v ‐ iy ē y ɛ Pl 1 ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ iy ā y ‐ iy ē y ɛ 2 ‐ y ā wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa ‐ iy ā wa ‐ iy ē y ɛ wa 3 ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ iy ā y ‐ iy ē y ɛ
Two Kashmiri Conjugation II Conjugation III conjugations: Masc Fem Masc Fem Recent Sg 1 ‐ us ‐ Üs ‐ y ō s ‐ y ē y ɛ s past 2 ‐ ukh ‐ Ükh ‐ y ō kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh 3 ‐ U ‐ Ü ‐ y ō v ‐ y ē y ɛ Pl 1 ‐ I ‐ɛ ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ 2 ‐ Iwa ‐ɛ wa ‐ y ē wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa 3 ‐ I ‐ɛ ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ Indefinite Sg 1 ‐ y ō s ‐ y ē y ɛ s ‐ y ā s ‐ y ē y ɛ s past 2 ‐ y ō kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh ‐ y ā kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh 3 ‐ y ō v ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ y ā v ‐ y ē y ɛ Pl 1 ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ 2 ‐ y ē wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa ‐ y ā wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa 3 ‐ y ē y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ Remote Sg 1 ‐ y ā s ‐ y ē y ɛ s ‐ iy ā s ‐ iy ē y ɛ s past 2 ‐ y ā kh ‐ y ē y ɛ kh ‐ iy ā kh ‐ iy ē y ɛ kh 3 ‐ y ā v ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ iy ā v ‐ iy ē y ɛ Pl 1 ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ iy ā y ‐ iy ē y ɛ 2 ‐ y ā wa ‐ y ē y ɛ wa ‐ iy ā wa ‐ iy ē y ɛ wa 3 ‐ y ā y ‐ y ē y ɛ ‐ iy ā y ‐ iy ē y ɛ
From the point of view of content, there are three past tenses in Kashmiri; but from the point of view of form, there are four. Conjugation II TNS :{past a} Recent past Conjugation III TNS :{past b} Conjugation II Indefinite past Conjugation III TNS :{past c} Conjugation II Remote past TNS :{past d} Conjugation III
From the point of view of content, there are three past tenses in Kashmiri; but from the point of view of form, there are four. Conjugation II TNS :{past a} Recent past Conjugation III TNS :{past b} Conjugation II Indefinite past Conjugation III TNS :{past c} Conjugation II Remote past TNS :{past d} Conjugation III
From the point of view of content, there are three past tenses in Kashmiri; but from the point of view of form, there are four. Conjugation II TNS :{past a} Recent past Conjugation III TNS :{past b} Conjugation II Indefinite past Conjugation III TNS :{past c} Conjugation II Remote past TNS :{past d} Conjugation III
From the point of view of content, there are three past tenses in Kashmiri; but from the point of view of form, there are four. Conjugation II TNS :{past a} Recent past Conjugation III TNS :{past b} Conjugation II Indefinite past Conjugation III TNS :{past c} Conjugation II Remote past TNS :{past d} Conjugation III
The tense properties ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ and ‘d’ are morphomic (Aronoff 1994). None correlates exactly with any of the three past ‐ tense categories of a Kashmiri verb (recent, indefinite or remote past). Their function is morphological: each participates in a uniform pattern of inflectional realization.
λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast(ˆ[ burn_inside ˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast(ˆ[ fly ˈ ( x )])] ↑ ↑ WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} WUPH , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} ↓ ↓ wup , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :b} wuph , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :c} ↓ ↓ wupy ō v wuphy ā v λ x [3,masc] [RemPast(ˆ[ burn_inside ˈ ( x )])] Content cells ↑ WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :remPast} ↓ wup , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :c} ↓ wupy ā v
λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast(ˆ[ burn_inside ˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast(ˆ[ fly ˈ ( x )])] ↑ ↑ WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} WUPH , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} ↓ ↓ wup , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :b} wuph , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :c} ↓ ↓ wupy ō v wuphy ā v λ x [3,masc] [RemPast(ˆ[ burn_inside ˈ ( x )])] Content cells ↑ WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :remPast} ↓ wup , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :c} ↓ wupy ā v
λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast(ˆ[ burn_inside ˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast(ˆ[ fly ˈ ( x )])] ↑ ↑ WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} WUPH , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} ↓ ↓ wup , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :b} wuph , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :c} ↓ ↓ wupy ō v wuphy ā v λ x [3,masc] [RemPast(ˆ[ burn_inside ˈ ( x )])] Content cells ↑ WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :remPast} ↓ wup , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :c} ↓ wupy ā v
λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast(ˆ[ burn_inside ˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast(ˆ[ fly ˈ ( x )])] ↑ ↑ WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} WUPH , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} ↓ ↓ wup , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :b} wuph , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :c} ↓ ↓ wupy ō v wuphy ā v λ x [3,masc] [RemPast(ˆ[ burn_inside ˈ ( x )])] Content cells ↑ WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :remPast} ↓ wup , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :c} ↓ wupy ā v
WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} WUPH , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :remPast}
WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} WUPH , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} ↓ wup , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :b} ↓ wupy ō v Form cells WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :remPast} ↓ wup , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :c} ↓ wupy ā v
WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} WUPH , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} ↓ wup , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :b} ↓ wupy ō v Form cells WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :remPast} ↓ wup , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :c} wuph , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :c} ↓ ↓ wupy ā v wuphy ā v
λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast(ˆ[ burn_inside ˈ ( x )])] λ x [3,masc] [IndefPast(ˆ[ fly ˈ ( x )])] ↑ ↑ WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} WUPH , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :indefPast} ↓ wup , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :b} ↓ wupy ō v λ x [3,masc] [RemPast(ˆ[ burn_inside ˈ ( x )])] ↑ WUP , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :remPast} ↓ wup , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :c} wuph , { AGR :{3sg masc} TNS :c} ↓ ↓ wupy ā v wuphy ā v
In this approach, a language’s inflectional morphology must fulfill two tasks. It must naturally define the morphological realization of a form cell’s property set. But in addition, it must define the principles of paradigm linkage by which content cells are related to form cells.
Block i i, X [V], σ :{TNS:{past d}} → X i Morphological realization Block ii ii, X [V], σ :{TNS:{past a} AGR:{sg masc}} → X u rules for ii, X [V], σ :{TNS:{past a} AGR:{3 sg masc}} → X U ii, X [V], σ :{TNS:{past a} AGR:{pl masc}} → X I Kashmiri verbs ii, X [V], σ :{TNS:{past a} AGR:{sg fem}} → X Ü ii, X [V], σ :{TNS:{past a} AGR:{pl fem}} → X ɛ ii, X [V], σ :{TNS:{past}} → X y ii, X [V], σ :{TNS:{past a}} → X Block iii iii, X [V], σ :{TNS:{past b} AGR:{masc sg}} → X ō iii, X [V], σ :{TNS:{past b} AGR:{masc pl}} → X ē iii, X [V], σ :{TNS:{past} AGR:{masc}} → X ā iii, X [V], σ :{TNS:{past} AGR:{fem}} → X ē y ɛ iii, X [V], σ :{TNS:{past a} AGR:{masc/fem}} → X Block iv iv, X [V], σ :{AGR:{1 sg}} → X s iv, X [V], σ :{AGR:{2 sg}} → X kh iv, X [V], σ :{AGR:{2 pl}} → X wa iv, X [V], σ :{AGR:{3 sg masc}} → X v iv, X [V], σ :{AGR:{3 pl masc}} → X y iv, X [V], σ :{TNS:{past a} AGR:{3 sg/pl masc}} → X
I assume that paradigm linkage is best accomplished through the definition of three kinds of functions: • a stem function , which maps a content cell onto the stem form employed in its realization; • property mappings , which map a content cell’s morphosyntactic property set onto the property set of the corresponding form cell; and • a correspondence function , which determines a content cell’s corresponding form cell by invoking the appropriate stem function and property mapping.
The Stem function Stem ( WUP , σ ) = wup [‘burn inside’] Stem ( WUPH , σ ) = wuph [‘fly’] Inflection classes are assumed to be classes of stems rather than classes of lexemes. Thus, the inflectional difference between WUP and WUPH is an effect of the fact that the stem wup belongs to the second conjugation and the stem wuph , to the third.
The Stem function Stem ( WUP , σ ) = wup [‘burn inside’] Stem ( WUPH , σ ) = wuph [‘fly’] Inflection classes may be assumed to be classes of stems rather than classes of lexemes. Thus, the inflectional difference between WUP and WUPH is an effect of the fact that the stem wup belongs to the second conjugation and the stem wuph , to the third.
pm2 ( σ :{TNS:{recent}}) = σ :{TNS:{a}} pm2 ( σ :{TNS:{indefinite}}) = σ :{TNS:{b}} The property pm2 ( σ :{TNS:{remote}}) = σ :{TNS:{c}} mappings pm3 ( σ :{TNS:{recent}}) = σ :{TNS:{b}} pm2 , pm3 pm3 ( σ :{TNS:{indefinite}}) = σ :{TNS:{c}} pm3 ( σ :{TNS:{remote}}) = σ :{TNS:{d}} The correspondence function Corr If Stem ( L, σ ) belongs to the second conjugation, Corr ( L, σ ) = Stem ( L, σ ), pm2 ( σ ) . If Stem ( L, σ ) belongs to the third conjugation, Corr ( L, σ ) = Stem ( L, σ ), pm3 ( σ ) .
From the point of view of content, there are three past tenses in Kashmiri; but from the point of view of form, there are four. Conjugation II TNS :{past a} Recent past Conjugation III TNS :{past b} Conjugation II Indefinite past Conjugation III TNS :{past c} Conjugation II Remote past TNS :{past d} Conjugation III
pm2 ( σ :{TNS:{recent}}) = σ :{TNS:{a}} pm2 ( σ :{TNS:{indefinite}}) = σ :{TNS:{b}} The property pm2 ( σ :{TNS:{remote}}) = σ :{TNS:{c}} mappings pm3 ( σ :{TNS:{recent}}) = σ :{TNS:{b}} pm2 , pm3 pm3 ( σ :{TNS:{indefinite}}) = σ :{TNS:{c}} pm3 ( σ :{TNS:{remote}}) = σ :{TNS:{d}} The correspondence function Corr If Stem ( L, σ ) belongs to the second conjugation, Corr ( L, σ ) = Stem ( L, σ ), pm2 ( σ ) . If Stem ( L, σ ) belongs to the third conjugation, Corr ( L, σ ) = Stem ( L, σ ), pm3 ( σ ) .
pm2 ( σ :{TNS:{recent}}) = σ :{TNS:{a}} pm2 ( σ :{TNS:{indefinite}}) = σ :{TNS:{b}} The property pm2 ( σ :{TNS:{remote}}) = σ :{TNS:{c}} mappings pm3 ( σ :{TNS:{recent}}) = σ :{TNS:{b}} pm2 , pm3 pm3 ( σ :{TNS:{indefinite}}) = σ :{TNS:{c}} pm3 ( σ :{TNS:{remote}}) = σ :{TNS:{d}} The correspondence function Corr If Stem ( L, σ ) belongs to the second conjugation, Corr ( L, σ ) = Stem ( L, σ ), pm2 ( σ ) . If Stem ( L, σ ) belongs to the third conjugation, Corr ( L, σ ) = Stem ( L, σ ), pm3 ( σ ) .
pm2 ( σ :{TNS:{recent}}) = σ :{TNS:{a}} pm2 ( σ :{TNS:{indefinite}}) = σ :{TNS:{b}} The property pm2 ( σ :{TNS:{remote}}) = σ :{TNS:{c}} mappings pm3 ( σ :{TNS:{recent}}) = σ :{TNS:{b}} pm2 , pm3 pm3 ( σ :{TNS:{indefinite}}) = σ :{TNS:{c}} pm3 ( σ :{TNS:{remote}}) = σ :{TNS:{d}} The correspondence function Corr If Stem ( L, σ ) belongs to the second conjugation, Corr ( L, σ ) = Stem ( L, σ ), pm2 ( σ ) . If Stem ( L, σ ) belongs to the third conjugation, Corr ( L, σ ) = Stem ( L, σ ), pm3 ( σ ) .
pm2 ( σ :{TNS:{recent}}) = σ :{TNS:{a}} pm2 ( σ :{TNS:{indefinite}}) = σ :{TNS:{b}} The property pm2 ( σ :{TNS:{remote}}) = σ :{TNS:{c}} mappings pm3 ( σ :{TNS:{recent}}) = σ :{TNS:{b}} pm2 , pm3 pm3 ( σ :{TNS:{indefinite}}) = σ :{TNS:{c}} pm3 ( σ :{TNS:{remote}}) = σ :{TNS:{d}} The correspondence function Corr If Stem ( L, σ ) belongs to the second conjugation, Corr ( L, σ ) = Stem ( L, σ ), pm2 ( σ ) . If Stem ( L, σ ) belongs to the third conjugation, Corr ( L, σ ) = Stem ( L, σ ), pm3 ( σ ) .
Summary The cell interface model of the interface of semantics with inflectional morphology is too restrictive. Phenomena such as deponency and morphomic tense inflection show that the properties that determine a word form’s semantic interpretation need not be those that determine its inflectional realization. The paradigm linkage model accommodates this fact about the morphology /semantic interface.
John left. t[PAST(t) & AT(t, ^[ leave‘ ( John' )])] ↑ Quantificational component leave leave‘ left λ x[PAST(t) & AT(t, ^[ leave‘ (x)])]
John left. t[PAST(t) & AT(t, ^[ leave‘ ( John' )])] ↑ Quantificational component leave leave‘ left λ x[PAST(t) & AT(t, ^[ leave‘ (x)])]
John left. t[PAST(t) & AT(t, ^[ leave‘ ( John' )])] ↑ Predicative component leave leave‘ left λ x[PAST(t) & AT(t, ^[ leave‘ (x)])]
John left. t[PAST(t) & AT(t, ^[ leave‘ ( John' )])] ↑ Situative component leave leave‘ left λ x[PAST(t) & AT(t, ^[ leave‘ (x)])]
John left. t[PAST(t) & AT(t, ^[ leave‘ ( John' )])] ↑ Situative component leave leave‘ left λ x[PAST(t) & AT(t, ^[ leave‘ (x)])]
A paradigm linkage interface allows various phenomena to be reconceived
Recommend
More recommend
