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Aug 07, 2023 188 likes •438 views

The Influence of High Energy Proton Irradiation on Fine-Grained Isotropic Graphite Grades: A Summary of Recent RaDIATE Results P. Hurh RaDIATE Collaboration Program Coordinator Contribuitors: N. Simos (BNL); K. Ammigan, V. Sidorov, J. Hylen

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SLIDE 1
  • P. Hurh – RaDIATE Collaboration Program Coordinator

Contribuitors: N. Simos (BNL); K. Ammigan, V. Sidorov, J. Hylen (FNAL); D. Senor,

  • A. Casella (PNNL); D. Liu (Oxford); T. Davenne (STFC)

High Power Targetry Workshop, 04 June 2018

The Influence of High Energy Proton Irradiation

  • n Fine-Grained Isotropic Graphite Grades: A

Summary of Recent RaDIATE Results

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SLIDE 2

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  • P. Hurh | RaDIATE Graphite Results @ HPTW2018

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In 2017, MoU revision has counted J-PARC (KEK+JAEA) & CERN as official participants

R a D I A T E Collaboration

http://radiate.fnal.gov

  • To generate new and useful materials data for application within the

accelerator and fission/fusion communities;

  • To recruit and develop new scientific and engineering experts who can cross

the boundaries between these communities;

  • To initiate and coordinate a continuing synergy between research in these

communities, benefitting both proton accelerator applications in science and industry and carbon-free energy technologies

Radiation Damage In Accelerator Target Environments

@J-PARC, Sep.20, 2017

STFC CERN FRIB PNNL ESS FNAL J-PARC

@FNAL, Dec.11, 2017

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SLIDE 3
  • Physics: Low Z (Atomic Number) higher yield of low energy Nu’s

– Although it means a longer target, the low Z results in less re- interaction of the secondary pions on the way out of the sides of the target (long, but narrow target is an advantage, especially for low- energy neutrino experiments)

  • Thermal Shock Resistance

– Very low effective modulus of elasticity mean stresses from thermal shock are 3x’s less than metallic counterparts (beryllium)

  • High temperature operation

– Inert atmosphere required to avoid oxidation

Graphite Advantages for a Nu Target

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Beam

Secondary pion trajectory through horn magnetic field

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SLIDE 4
  • Physics: Low Z (Atomic Number) higher yield of low energy Nu’s

– Although it means a longer target, the low Z results in less re- interaction of the secondary pions on the way out of the sides of the target (long, but narrow target is an advantage, especially for low- energy neutrino experiments)

  • Thermal Shock Resistance

– Very low effective modulus of elasticity mean stresses from thermal shock are 3x’s less than metallic counterparts (beryllium)

  • High temperature operation

– Inert atmosphere required to avoid oxidation

Graphite Advantages for a Nu Target

6/4/18

  • P. Hurh | RaDIATE Graphite Results @ HPTW2018

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Beam

Some Secondary pions Interact with target before exiting the target

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SLIDE 5
  • What about radiation damage from high energy protons?

Non-irradiated properties of graphite vs Be

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Property POCO ZXF-5Q ToyoTanso IG-43(0) Be S200F Comp Strength (MPa) 175 97

  • Tensile Strength (MPa)

79 38 345 Elastic Modulus (GPa) 14.5 10.8 309 CTE (10-6 K-1) 8.1 4.5 11.5 Specific Heat (J/Kg/K) 710 630 1829 Thermal Cond (W/m/K) 70 143 183 Thermal Shock Resist 0.48 0.49 0.18 Application NuMI T2K Beam windows Thermal Shock Resistance = (UTS*C) / (CTE * E)

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SLIDE 6
  • 2010 – 2012 LBNE Graphite Study at BLIP, BNL

– 4 Grades of graphite – C-C Composite – Irradiation Temp 120 – 180 ˚C – 0.1 DPA

  • NT-02 NuMI-MINOS Graphite Target Fin Study

– Dave Senor et al., PNNL – Dong Liu, Oxford – Nick Simos et al., NSLS-II, BNL – Irradiation Temp 90 – 300 ˚C – 0.6 DPA

  • MET-01 NuMI-NOvA Graphite Target Fin Study

– Visual observation only – Irradiation Temp 300 – 700 ˚C – 1.1 DPA

RaDIATE Graphite Studies

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SLIDE 7

Graphite micro-structure

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Slide by Dong Liu, Oxford

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SLIDE 8

Graphite micro-structure

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Slide by Dong Liu, Oxford

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SLIDE 9

Results – Typical Tensile Properties (IG-430)

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5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Stress (MPa) Strain (%) 0.056DPA 0DPA 0DPA 300 C Anneal 0.056DPA 290 C Anneal

Irradiation Temperature ~150 ˚C

Simos et al

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SLIDE 10

Results – Tensile Properties Summary Plot

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Simos et al

  • 20%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 Percent Change DPA

Tensile Property Changes Vs DPA

POCO ZXF-5Q Tensile POCO ZXF-5Q Elastic Mod SGL R7650 Tensile SGL R7650 Elastic Mod IG-430 Tensile IG-430 Elastic Modulus IG-430 Tensile 300 C Anneal IG-430 Modulus 300 C Anneal

  • POCO ZXF-5Q exhibited

smallest change

  • IG-430 exhibited largest

change

  • Increase in E lowers IG-

430 thermal shock resistance

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SLIDE 11

Results – Sonic Velocity

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Simos et al

  • C-12 sample was annealed at 300 ˚C prior to all tests
  • C-6 irradiation temperature was ~150 ˚C
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SLIDE 12

Results – CTE and dimensional changes

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Simos et al

  • During 1st run

annealing, specimens shrunk

  • 2nd run, all

graphites exhibited ~10% increase in CTE

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SLIDE 13
  • B.J. Marsden, “Irradiation Damage in Graphite due to fast neutrons in fission

and fusion systems,” IAEA-TECDOC-1154, 2000

Neutron irradiated graphite dimensional changes

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Big change in c-axis growth ~250 ˚C

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SLIDE 14

Results – X-ray diffraction

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  • W. Bollmann. “Electron-microscopic observations on radiation damage in

graphite” Phil. Mag., 5(54):621-624, June 1960.

Simos et al

XRD on BLIP irradiated POCO graphite indicates agreement with c-axis lattice growth results from neutron irradiation

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SLIDE 15

NT-02 Graphite Fin Studies

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SLIDE 16

NT-02 Graphite Fin Fracture

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SLIDE 17
  • Micrometer measurements revealed 2 – 4% swelling in the fin thickness in

the beam center area

  • TEM imaging did not show evidence of displacement damage (black

spots, dislocation loops)

Results – NT-02 Evidence of Swelling

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Casella et al

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SLIDE 18

Results – X-ray diffraction shows lattice growth and amorphitization at beam center

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Simos et al

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SLIDE 19

Results – X-ray diffraction shows lattice growth and amorphitization at beam center

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Simos et al

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SLIDE 20

NOvA Target (MET-01) Autopsy

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Before Irradiation (US end)

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SLIDE 21

NOvA Target (MET-01) Autopsy

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Sidorov et al

After Irradiation (DS end)

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SLIDE 22

NOvA Target (MET-01) Autopsy

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Sidorov et al

After Irradiation (DS end)

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SLIDE 23

Thermal Comparison NT-02 to NOvA MET-01

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Thermal Loading NT-02 (350 kW) MET-01 (550 kW) Quasi-static Temp (˚C) 84 533 Peak Temp (˚C) 304 711 Time Average Mean (˚C) 139 578 Beam sigma (mm) 1.1 1.3

Davenne et al

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SLIDE 24
  • Significant changes in material properties with high energy proton

irradiation at moderate temp (especially elastic modulus)

  • High dependence upon irradiation/annealing temperature, especially for

swelling (which exhibits a threshold at ~250 ˚C)

  • No dislocation defects visible at dose up to 0.6 DPA and irradiation

temperatures <~150 ˚C

  • Failure of NT-02 graphite

– Possibly swelling, internal stresses, loss of structure due to low temperature irradiation – Possibly oxidation or other contaminant

  • Success of MET-01 graphite

– Higher temperature irradiation – Better maintained quality of environment

  • Future work

– MET-01 and MET-02 PIE – Low energy ion irradiation to mimic high energy proton irradiation effects

Conclusion

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