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the evolution of human sociality is the fundamental condundrum of biology EO Wilson 1975 MY QUESTION: WHERE DO MORAL VALUES COME FROM ? DEEPEST LEVEL OF VALUE emotional and motivation systems for survival & well-being ME Life-value

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the evolution of human sociality is the fundamental condundrum

  • f biology

EO Wilson 1975 MY QUESTION: WHERE DO MORAL VALUES COME FROM ?

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emotional and motivation systems for survival & well-being

ME ¡

DEEPEST LEVEL OF VALUE

Life-value

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“Let us try to teach generosity and altruism, because we are born selfish.”

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Darwin: our moral sense or conscience

  • social instincts
  • habits & skills
  • reason

Aristotle David Hume Adam Smith

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Agriculture – about 10,000 years ago

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Robin Dunbar – brain size/friend size roughly 150 folks

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Mencius Confucius

385-303BC 551-479 BC

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CONCEPTS & CATEGORIES

  • 1. have a radial structure
  • 3. have fuzzy boundaries

Eleanor Rosch

2.prototypes at center

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Social categories are radial PROTOTYPES & SIMILARITY friend honest kind brave trustworthy Moral Not moral

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Two Traditions Legal Model Skill Model Moses Kant Aquinas Bentham ……… Aristotle Confucius Hume Smith Darwin …..

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Consolation, reconciliation, prosocial choice, orphan adoption, empathy, punishment, fairness, self-control, cooperation, reasoning

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Sociality likely evolved many times

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Proto-mammals: warm-blooded SO: greater energy use

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Evolution of homeotherms Trade off: Learning capacity Newborn Independence

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Mammals: expansion of domain where brain manages well-being

ME ¡ ME ¡ Mine

Paul MacLean, Barry Keverne, Jaak Panksepp

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All vertebrates have Oxytocin, vasopressin In mammals, put to New jobs

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Meyer-Lindenberg et al 2011

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ALSO: endocannabinoids. Wei et al PNAS/15

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Figure 2. The Innervation of Hairy and Glabrous Skin Showing the Types of Nerve Fibers and ReceptorsThe discriminative aspects

  • f touch are coded by LTMs present in both skin types, but the coding of affective touch (CT) is limited to hairy skin. Abbreviations...

Francis McGlone, Johan Wessberg, Håkan Olausson

Discriminative and Affective Touch: Sensing and Feeling null, Volume 82, Issue 4, 2014, 737–755 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.001

their adequate stimulus is found at stroking velocities which correlate with subjective pleasantness ratings

The Skin as A Social Organ

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Hypothesis Mammalian & Avian Sociability:

  • Platform: oxytocin & cannabinoids +
  • Norms emerge from problem-solving;
  • learned by reward system
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HIGHLY SOCIAL MAMMALS:

ME ¡ Mine ME ¡ ME ¡

kin kith kin

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Prairie voles OTR in nucleus accumbens linked to rewarding aspects of bonding.

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Densities of oxytocin & vasopressin receptors (Lim, Murphy & Young 2004)

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Meadow Voles

Anacker & Beery 2013

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Food sharing OXT levels

Wittig et al. Proc Biol. Sci 2014 Co-opts mechanisms to support mother- Infant bonding in lactation

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If sociality is pleasurable, we may engage in many behaviors largely unrelated to passing on genes.

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Tanya Brandt

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Within group competition

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Evolution sets the brain’s basic style of pain & pleasure Experience shapes into specific habits & preferences using the reward system

NORMS & VALUES

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Frank Meye et al 2013 Fonrtiers in Hum Neuro.

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Cortex: signature brain structure

  • f mammals

Allows for social problem solving Allows for learning of social practices Gives flexibility to social behavior

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If animals like to be together, trusting each other, cooperation can emerge.

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Orangutan & Dog

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Paul MacLean New with mammals: § nursing & parental care** § playful behavior § separation vocalisation** § mate attachment** “.. The history of the evolution of mammals is the history of the development of a family way of life….”

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Moral judgment not neatly separable from emotions, reasoning, motives, habits, styles, stress, energy levels, temperament, moods, age, risk-aversion…… Morality is not a ‘module’ Cognition is not a module

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Cotton-top tamarin monkeys

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Frank Meye et al 2013 Fonrtiers in Hum Neuro.

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Ruff & Fehr 2014

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Humans create long-lasting niche changes that alter selective pressures Clever solutions to problems, learned & modified by offspring Norms in boatmaking

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  • Fig. 1. Changes in dopamine neurons' output code for an error in the prediction of appetitive

events.

Wolfram Schultz et al. Science 1997;275:1593-1599

Published by AAAS

Wolfram Schultz 1997

VTA

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Carl Craver To explain is to show how it is situated in the causal structure of the world

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Problems with measuring peripheral oxytocin: Can the data on oxytocin and human behavior be trusted? Michael E. McCullough, Patricia Smith Churchland, Armando J. Mendez,∗ Neuro& Bio Rev 2013

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Morales & Margolis NRN 2017

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He always gives me such a nice wave!

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Complex because Norms conflict with preferences Norms conflict with norms Norms vary across individuals Norms vary within an individual Relevant memories

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Ruff & Fehr 2014

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Henry Sidgwick Jeremy Bentham

Maximize aggregate utility

1748-1832 1838-1900

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Darwin: our moral sense or conscience

  • social instincts
  • habits & skills
  • reason

Aristotle David Hume Adam Smith

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Immanuel Kant

1724-1804

Foundational Rule/Test

Requires a radically Free will

is the proposal rationally universalizable ??

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The Impact of Social Neuroscience on Moral Philosophy

Patricia Churchland Philosophy UC San Diego & Salk Institute

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Nonhuman Social Behavior Neuroendocrinology & Sociality Basal Ganglia: Skills & Habits

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  • S. Hong and O. Hikosaka 2013 Frontiers in Hum. Neuro.
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Nonhuman Social Behavior Neuroendocrinology & Sociality Basal Ganglia: Skills & Habits

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What can science teach us about Morality?

Many sciences contribute: § genetics & evolutionary biology § experimental psychology § ethology § anthropology § neuroscience* § neuroendocrinology*

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Social Problem Solving Practical problems, constrained by features of body and brain.

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Separation, lack of cuddling alter adult behavior – maybe alters gene expression which changes stress responses

Szyf & Meaney

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Moral Norms & Values Not supernatural Not esoteric or Platonic Not unconditional Ancient evolutionary roots

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Redgrave et al Nature Neuro 2010

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