The Effect of Sound on Fish and Marine Invertebrates Paul White - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The Effect of Sound on Fish and Marine Invertebrates Paul White

Outline

• Introduction/ Update to ISVR
• The use of, and problems associated with, sound

underwater.

• Sound and Anguilliformes (eels and lamprey)
• Impact of sound on Marine Invertebrates

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The University of Southampton

Southampton London

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Academic and administrative structure

8 Faculties ISVR University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering and the Environment (FEE): 4 Academic Units

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Faculty of Engineering and the Environment (FEE)

FEE ISVR CMEES AACE

• Eng. Sci.

Civil Aero. Mech.

Education Enterprise

Consultancy

ISVR Consulting USAIS Academic Units

Departments

ANTC Micro- fluidics Structures

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Director:

Paul White Dynamics: David Thompson Acoustics Phil Joseph Human Sciences David Simpson Signal Processing & Control Group Steve Daley Clinical and Consulting Units USAIS (Uni Soton Auditory Implant Service) Carl Verschuur ISVR Consulting Malcolm Smith Research Groups Deputy HoS Education: Neil Ferguson

ISVR internal organisation

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Academic Consulting Unit and Clinic Research Administrative Undergraduate M.Eng./B.Eng./B.Sc. Graduate M.Sc. M.Phil./Ph.D. ~ 90 37 65 31 2 ~130 ~50

Staff and students

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Programmes of Study

 BE

ng/ME ng Acoustical E ngineering (3/4 years)

 BS

c Acoustics and Music (3 years)

 BS

c Audiology (4 years)

 MS

c S

• und and Vibration S

tudies (1 year)

 MS

c Audiology (1 year)

 MP

hil/P hD (3 years)

 E

ngD (4 years) – only open to UK students

Highlights of Funding Successes

• Platform grant + large industrial contract in 3D audio.
• The Rolls-Royce University Technology Centre (UTC) in gas

turbine noise.

• BAe support for Centre for Research in Active Control

(CRAC)

• Mapping the Underworld
• EU Grant on Cochlear modelling

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Bioacoustics in general

• Areas of interest:

– How animals hear and produce sound: biometics – The impact of noise on animals – Use of acoustics to study animal behaviour – Use of acoustics to manipulate animals

• Species groups commonly considered:

– Marine mammals – Birds – Fish – Invertebrates

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Bioacoustics in ISVR

• Topics considered include:

– Using dolphins to inspire novel sonar/ radar technologies. – Bat echolocation – Analysis and classification of dolphin whistles – Automated humpback whale song classification – Monitoring owl populations – Sound and fish – Impacts of marine invertebrates

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Eels (European eel – Anguilla anguilla)

• An IUCN red listed species.

– Current recruitment is 1% of pre-1980’s levels.

• European Union states that nations must

implement an eel management plan.

• Eel life cycle (catadromous)

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What has this to do with acoustics?

• The EU require that (at least) 40% of adult eels can return

to the sea to spawn.

• Eel migration is encumbered by man-made structures and

water abstraction sites.

• Mechanical screening many not be effective – is an acoustic

barrier a viable alternative?

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Eel hearing

• Electrophsyiological measurement
• f an audiogram.
• Eels appear to be sensitive to low

frequency sounds.

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Jerko et al., J. Comp. Physio. A, 455-459, 1989 +100 dB to convert to “re 1 µPa”

On-going work at ISVR

• In collaboration with colleagues in the International Centre

for Ecohydraulics Research (ICER) based in CMEES (Civil, Maritime and Environmental Engineering Sci Unit) in FEE.

• Field measurements of eels around an infra sound source.
• Computing electrophysiological and behavioural

audiograms for Anguilliformes (eels and lamprey).

– Other work in this area includes: schooling behaviour in response to sound, the Lombard effect in fish, the effect of sound on sea-horses, study of pile driving noise, noise mapping and the potential effect

• n eel migration routes.

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Field Measurements of Eel Behaviour

• Field site is at Longham in Dorset (~30 miles from Soton)
• n the River Stour.

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Infrasound source Eel rack (once commercial)

Experimental Procedure

• The sound field from the source

is mapped.

• Migrating eels are trapped and acoustically tagged.
• They are released upstream of the study site and their

movements studied when the infrasound source is on and when it is off.

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On Off Off On

Audiograms of Animals

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• In general two ways of estimating the audiograms of

animals. – Behavioural

• Play a sound an look for a measureable response – can be augmented

via conditioning

– Electrophysiological

• Use electrodes to detect the brain activity associated with hearing the

sound – e.g. Jerko’s measurement of an eel’s audiogram

Behavioural Tests for Anguilliformes

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Eels and Lamprey

Electrophysiological Tests

• Based on measuring auditory brainstem responses (ABRs)

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Lamprey Electrodes

Marine Invertebrates

• In collaboration with colleagues at the National

Oceanography Centre.

• The effect of sound on marine mammals and fish has been

considered for some time (albeit many questions remain).

• The possible effect of noise on benthic invertebrate species

has received almost no consideration.

• These species form a vital part of the ecosystem.

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Chosen Species

• Venerupis philippinarum (bivalve/ clam)
• Am phiura filiform is (brittle star)
• Nephrops norvegicus (Norway lobster)

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Measuring impact of Sound on Invertebrates

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Metrics

• Three conditions, 7 day exposures:

– Ambient noise – Impulsive (pile driving) – Continuous Ship

• Bioturbation (luminophores)
• Glucose and latcose

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Results

• The Amphiura showed no response
• Whereas the bivalves and Nephrops did modify their

behaviour.

– These bivalves reduce activity in response to sound. – Conversely Nephrops increased activity (significantly for continuous sounds and not significantly for impulsive)

• The biochemistry did not reveal any significant changes in

the glucose or lactate as a result of the exposures.

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Thank you for listening (unlike the Amphiura) Any questions?