The draft ICNIRP radiofrequency guidelines Eric van Rongen - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The draft ICNIRP radiofrequency guidelines Eric van Rongen - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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DRAFT DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019 The draft ICNIRP radiofrequency guidelines Eric van Rongen Chairman, ICNIRP DRAFT DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019 Scope Limit exposure to radiofrequency EMFs

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

The draft ICNIRP radiofrequency guidelines

Eric van Rongen

Chairman, ICNIRP

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • Limit exposure to radiofrequency EMFs (100 kHz – 300 GHz)
  • Provide protection against adverse health effects to humans under

realistic conditions

  • Consider occupational and general public exposure
  • Consider direct and indirect exposure (but only contact with charged
  • bjects)
  • Not included:

– Electromagnetic interference – Exposure for medical purposes – Compliance issues (e.g. measurements)

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Scope

Eric van Rongen

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • Draft guidelines (exposure limits & rationale)
  • Technical appendix (dosimetry issues, background reference levels)
  • Biological appendix (overview health effects)
  • Public consultation finished 9 October 2018

– ~120 contributions, >1000 individual comments

  • Almost finished! Publication hopefully August / September 2019

Eric van Rongen 3

Current status

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • Identification of scientific data on effects of exposure on biological

systems

  • Determination of effects considered both

– adverse to humans and – scientifically substantiated (independent replication, sufficient quality, scientifically explicable generally)

  • Identification of adverse health effect threshold

– minimum RF EMF exposure level shown to produce harm, or – where insufficient RF/biology research, minimum exposure predicted to cause harm from non-RF literature (i.e. operational adverse health effect threshold)

Eric van Rongen 4

Identification of adverse health effect thresholds

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • Application of reduction factors to health effect thresholds

– account for scientific uncertainty, relative importance of the health effect, variation across the population – reduction factors may differ based on these parameters – consistency of reduction factors across limit types is sought, unless there is substantive reason for variation

  • Reduction factors for general public are higher than for occupational

– general public may not be aware of exposure and will not have any training to mitigate harm – variation in tolerance (e.g. for heating) may be larger in general public

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Derivation of Basic restrictions (=exposure limits)

Eric van Rongen

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • Field strength values derived from basic restrictions, to provide a

practical method for determining compliance with basic restrictions

– Reference levels are derived so as to be conservative for all realistic exposure conditions, but not all possible exposure conditions

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Reference levels

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • Draft WHO RF EHC, SCENHIR, SSM reports + original papers not

included

  • Extensive body of relevant literature, ranging from cellular research to

cancer epidemiology

  • Research has only found evidence of potentially harmful effects from:

– temperature elevation above thresholds – microwave hearing (thermal effect; not considered harmful, no limits) – nerve stimulation (described in ICNIRP 2010 ELF Guidelines; not considered separately here) – electroporation (no problem in practice; no limits formulated)

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Scientific basis

Eric van Rongen

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • No evidence that RF EMF causes such diseases as cancer

– Results of NTP, Falcioni studies (animals, lifetime exposure) not convincing (statement on ICNIRP website)

  • No evidence that RF EMF impairs health beyond effects that are due to

established mechanisms of interaction

  • Thermal biology literature also considered

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Scientific basis (cont.)

Eric van Rongen

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • Temperature increases taken to represent health effects, and

restrictions set to avoid these

  • Health effects primarily related to absolute body core or local

temperature

  • Body core and local temperature depend on many factors that are

independent of EMF, such as environmental temperature and physical activity

  • Therefore: temperature increase used that is indicative of adverse

health effects assuming thermonormal baseline state

  • Distinction between steady-state and brief exposures (no dissipation of

heat)

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Interaction mechanisms (temperature elevation)

Eric van Rongen

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • Mean body core temperature (approximately 37 °C) typically varies over

the day by 0.5 °C

– thermoregulatory functions (e.g.vasodilation, sweating) to keep body core temperature in thermonormal range – most health effects induced by hyperthermia (>38 °C) resolve readily with no lasting effects, but risk of accident and heat stroke increases (>40 °C)

  • Increase >1 °C in body core temperature is defined as potentially

harmful (=operational standard)

– for comparison: ACGIH heat stress at work standard aims at protecting against >1 °C core body temperature increase

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Body core temperature

Eric van Rongen

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • RF modelling predicts:

– ~6 W/kg WBA SAR, 1 h, ambient temperature of 28 °C: core body temperature increase ~1 °C (consistent with the limited human measurement research) – WBA SAR higher in children (more efficient heat dissipation)

  • ICNIRP suggests as adverse health effect threshold a WBA SAR of 4 W/kg

averaged over 30 min (=time to ~ reach steady state)

  • Very conservative !
  • Generation energy in human adult: ~1 W/kg at rest, ~2 W/kg standing,

~12 W/kg running

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SAR and body core temperature

Eric van Rongen

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • Previous:

– SAR up to 10 GHz, power density at higher frequencies

  • Now:

– whole-body SAR up to 300 GHz – local SAR up to 6 GHz – 6-300 GHz: absorbed (=incident - reflected) power density

Eric van Rongen 12

SAR and frequency

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • Excessive localized heat can cause pain and damage cells. Tissue

damage can occur at local temperatures >41-43 °C (time-dependent)

  • Operational adverse health effect threshold:
  • Local temperature >41 °C potentially harmful
  • Type-1 tissues (normal temperature < 33-36 °C): 5 °C

– upper arm, forearm, hand, thigh, leg, foot, pinna, cornea, anterior chamber and iris of the eye, epidermal, dermal, fat, muscle and bone tissue

  • Type-2 tissues (normal temperature < 38.5 °C ): 2 °C

– all tissues in the head, eye, abdomen, back, thorax and pelvis, excluding those defined as Type-1 tissue

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Local exposure: tissues

Eric van Rongen

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • Difficult to use tissue types for exposure limits
  • Definition of regions:
  • Head & Torso (head, eye, abdomen, back, thorax and pelvis)
  • Limbs (upper arm, forearm, hand, thigh, leg and foot)

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Local exposure: regions

Eric van Rongen

Tissue Type 1 Type 2 Region Head & Torso Yes Yes Limbs Yes No

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019 deeper head & trunk (inc. testes) tissues < 2 °C rise

‘Limbs’

Exposure must satisfy Type 1 temperature rise conditions only skin, fat, muscle, bone < 5 °C rise e.g. head Exposure must satisfy BOTH Type 1 and 2 temperature rise conditions

‘Head & Torso’

(head/neck/torso/testes)

e.g. arm

Conceptualisation of exposure relative to tissue-type

15 Eric van Rongen

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Averaging mass

  • SAR:

– 10 g – shape:

  • was: contiguous tissue
  • now: cube (provides a better match with temperature increase than contiguous

tissue)

Eric van Rongen

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • Modelling/extrapolation suggests:

– ≤ 6 GHz: SAR10g of 20 W/kg: temperature increase max. 2 °C (4 °C with 40 W/kg) – >6 GHz: absorbed power density (Sab) of 200 W/m2: temperature increase

  • max. ~5 °C in superficial, less in deeper tissue
  • ICNIRP suggests as health effect levels:

– 100 kHz - 6 GHz:

  • Head & Torso: local SAR10g 20 W/kg (av. over 6 min)
  • Limbs: local SAR10g 40 W/kg (av. over 6 min)

– >6-300 GHz: Sab 200 W/m2 (av. over 6 min, 4 cm2) – Focal beam exposure: >30-300 GHz: Sab 400 W/m2 (av. over 6 min, 1 cm2)

  • Also (complex) limits for short (pulsed) exposures

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Local exposure: adverse health effect levels

Eric van Rongen

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • Effect = pain
  • Threshold:

– Adults: 20 mA – Child: 10 mA

Eric van Rongen 18

Contact current

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

Parameter

  • Freq. range

ΔT Spatial Aver. time Health effect level RF Occup. RF General public Core ΔT 100 kHz-300 GHz 1°C WBA 30 min 6 min 4 W/kg 10 0.4 W/kg 50 0.08 W/kg Local ΔT (Head & Torso) 100 kHz-6 GHz 2°C 10 g 6 min 20 W/kg 2 10 W/kg 10 2 W/kg Local ΔT (Limbs) 100 kHz-6 GHz 5°C 10 g 6 min 40 W/kg 2 20 W/kg 10 4 W/kg Local ΔT (Head, Torso, Limbs) >6-300 GHz 30-300 GHz 10-300 GHz 5°C 4 cm2 1 cm2 20 cm2 6 min 6 min 68/f1.05 200 W/m2 2 100 W/m2 200 W/m2 50 W/m2 10 20 W/m2 40 W/m2 10 W/m2 Pain (contact current) 100 kHz-110 MHz (guidance level reference level)

  • 10 sec

20/10 mA (adult/child) 1 20 mA 40 mA 1 20/10 mA (ad./child) 20 mA

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Basic restrictions and differences with 1998 values

Eric van Rongen

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

  • Dependent on:

– Workers / general public – Far field / radiative near field / reactive near field – Whole-body / local

  • All reference levels for a given exposure frequency need to be satified

simultanuously

Eric van Rongen 20 17-04-2019

Reference levels

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Reference levels

Eric van Rongen

  • 100 kHz – 300 GHz:

– Whole-body – Local, exposure ≥ 6 minutes – Local, exposure < 6 minutes

  • 100 kHz – 10 MHz

– Whole-body, peak field (from 2010 ELF guidelines)

  • E field: occupational 170 V/m, general public 83 V/m
  • H field: occupational 80 A/m, general public 21 A/m
  • 10 MHz – 110 MHz:

– Limb current (occupational 100 mA, general public 45 mA)

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

1,00E+00 1,00E+01 1,00E+02 1,00E+03 1,00E+04 1,00E+05 1,00E+06

0,1 1 10 1001000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000 1000000000 10000000000 1E+11 1E+12

electric field strength (V/m) frequency (Hz)

10

6

10

8

1 10

10

10

12

1 10 10

2

10

3

10

4

10

5

10

6

10

4

10

2

Eric van Rongen 22

Reference levels (whole body, far field, occupational)

2010 1998 2018

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Eric van Rongen 23

Basic restrictions for 5G frequencies (general public)

Parameter Averaging time 700 MHz 3.5 GHz 26 GHz Long exposures (≥ 6 min) Sab = absorbed power density Whole-body SAR 30 min 0.08 W/kg 0.08 W/kg 0.08 W/kg Local (Head & Torso) SAR10g 6 min 2 W/kg 2 W/kg Local (Limbs) SAR10g 6 min 4 W/kg 4 W/kg Local (all) Sab 6 min 4 cm2 20 W/m2

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Eric van Rongen 24

Reference levels for 5G frequencies (far field, general public)

Parameter Time 700 MHz 3.5 GHz 26 GHz Long exposures (≥ 6 min) Sinc = incident power density (W/m2) Whole-body E field

  • Av. time 30 min

36.4 V/m

  • Sinc
  • Av. time 30 min
  • 10 W/m2

10 W/m2 Whole-body (spatial peak) E field

  • Av. time 6 min

78.9 V/m

  • Local (4 cm2)

Sinc

  • Av. time 6 min
  • 40 W/m2

30.9 W/m2

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

Eric van Rongen 25

Basic restrictions for 5G frequencies (general public)

Parameter Averaging time 700 MHz 3.5 GHz 26 GHz Short exposures (< 6 min) (examples for 1 and 300 s exposures) SA = specific absorption Uab = absorbed plane wave energy density (kJ/m2) Local (Head & Torso) SA Exposure 1 s 0.07 kJ/kg 0.07 kJ/kg Exposure 300 s 0.66 kJ/kg 0.66 kJ/kg Local (Limbs) SA Exposure 1 s 0.11 kJ/kg 0.11 kJ/kg Exposure 300 s 1.32 kJ/kg 1.32 kJ/kg Local (all) Uab Exposure 1 s 0.72 kJ/m2 Exposure 300 s 6.60 kJ/m2

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DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE ANFR, Paris, 17 April 2019

Eric van Rongen 26

Reference levels for 5G frequencies (far field, general public)

Parameter Time 700 MHz 3.5 GHz 26 GHz Short exposures (< 6 min) (examples for 1 and 300 s exposures) Uinc = incident plane wave energy density (kJ/m2) Whole-body Uinc Exposure 1 s 0.6 kJ/m2 1,4 kJ/m2

  • Local (4 cm2)

Uinc Exposure 1 s

  • 1.1 kJ/m2

Whole-body Uinc Exposure 300 s 5.4 kJ/m2 13.2 kJ/m2

  • Local (4 cm2)

Uinc Exposure 300 s

  • 10.2 kJ/m2
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Thanks for your attention

Eric van Rongen