[PPT] - The Changing Face of Nanotechnology The Changing Face of PowerPoint Presentation

SLIDE 1

The Changing Face of Nanotechnology The Changing Face of Nanotechnology

M.C. Roco National Science Foundation (NSF) and U.S. National Nanotechnology initiative (NNI) Korea-US Nanotechnology Workshop, April 17-18, 2008

SLIDE 2

Benchmark with experts in over 20 countries

“Nanostructure Science and Technology”

Book Springer, 1999

Nanotechnology is the control and restructuring of matter (measure – manipulate – integrate) at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers (from atomic size to about 100 molecular diameters), where new phenomena enable new applications (where nanoscale modules are established).

M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

SLIDE 3

Nanoscale modules / building bocks

(typical examples for first level of organization of atoms and molecules)

NATURAL THRESHOLD NATURAL THRESHOLD from individual to collective behavior, at the first level of organization of atoms and molecules

NSF Workshop at U. Michigan , April 2008, M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

SLIDE 4

Five Generations of Products and Productive Processes

Timeline for beginning of industrial prototyping and nanotechnology commercialization (2000-2020; 2020-)

1 1st

st:

: Passive nanostructures (1st generation products)

Ex: coatings, nanoparticles, nanostructured metals, polymers, ceramics

2 2nd

nd: Active nanostructures

Ex: 3D transistors, amplifiers, targeted drugs, actuators, adaptive structures

3 3rd

rd: Systems of nanosystems

Ex: guided assembling; 3D networking and new hierarchical architectures, robotics, evolutionary 4 4th

th: Molecular nanosystems

Ex: molecular devices ‘by design’, atomic design, emerging functions

~ 2010 ~ 2005 ~ 2000 2000 New R&D challenges ~ 2015 2015-

2020

2020

CMU

Reference: AIChE Journal, Vol. 50 (5), 2004

R&D Broad Use IT 1960 - 2000 BIO 1980 - 2010 NANO 2000 - 2020

5 5th

th: Converging technologies

Ex: nano-bio-info from nanoscale, cognitive technologies; large complex systems from nanoscale

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Perceived Higher Risks Areas (2000-2020; 2020-) as a function of the generation of products

1 1st

st:

: Passive nanostructures

Ex: Cosmetics (pre-market tests), Pharmaceuticals (incomplete tests for inflammatory effects, etc.), Food industry , Consumer products

2 2nd

nd: Active nanostructures

Ex: Nano-biotechnology, Neuro-electronic interfaces, NEMS, Precision engineering, Hybrid nanomanufacturing

3 3rd

rd: Systems of nanosystems Ex:

Nanorobotics, Regenerative medicine, Brain-machine interface, Eng. agriculture

4 4th

th: Molecular nanosystems Ex:

Neuromorphic eng., Complex systems, Human-machine interface ~ 2010 ~ 2005 ~ 2000 2000 Higher risk ~ 2015 2015-

2020

2020

?

M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

5 5th

th: Converging technologies

Ex: Hybrid nano-bio-info- medical-cognitive applic.

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Fifth generation - After 2020

NT convergence with bio, info and cogno, and bifurcation of nanosystem architectures

Guided assembling
Evolutionary
Engineered molecular design and guided

hierarchical selfassembling

Robotics based
Biomimetics . . . .
? New carrier of information instead of electron charge
? Manufacturing by nanomachines
? Extending human potential
? Collective cognitive capabilities . . . .

M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

SLIDE 7

November 2006 November 2006 November 2006 Workshop, Dec. 2001

www.nsf.gov/nano

Springer, 2003

Coevolution of Human Potential and Converging New Technologies

In: Annals of the New York, Academy of Sciences,

Vol. 1013, 2004

(M.C. Roco and C. Montemagno)

M.C. Roco, 2/23/2008

Fifth generation of nano products: Four volumes on Convergence

2003, 2006 and 2007 Springer; 2004 NYAS

November 2006

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Expanding nanotechnology domains since 2000

MC. Roco, 4/18/2008

2000-2001: nano expanding in almost all disciplines 2002-2003: industry moves behind nano development 2003-2004: medical field sets up new goals 2004-2005: media, NGOs, public, international

rganizations get involved

2006-2007: new focus on common Earth resources - water, food, environment, energy, materials 2007-2008: increased relevance to economic-politic-military-sustainability

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WORLDWIDE MARKET INCORPORATING NANOTECNOLOGY (2000-2015) Estimation made in 2000 after international study in > 20 countries

1 10 100 1000 10000 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

YEAR M A R K E T IN C O R P O R A T IN G N A N O T E C H N O L O G Y ($ B )

Total $B Deutche Bank Lux Research

Mith. Res. Inst.

Passive nanostructures Active nanostructures Systems of NS Annual rate of increase about 25%

Rudimentary Complex

$1T products by 2015

Reference: Roco and Bainbridge, 2001

~ $120B products ~ 800K in U.S. and ~ 2M world workers in a NT area 80% U.S. public – know little/nothing about NT 40K in U.S. and 100K world workers in a NT area ~ $40B products 90% U.S. public – know little/nothing about NT 4K in U.S. and 10K world workers in a NT area

M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

For final products

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Changing research frontier focus

2000-2002 Nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, coatings 2003-2005 Self- and guided molecular assembling Expands nanobio technology and medicine 2006-2008 Focus on nanodevices and components of nanosystems

MC Roco, 4/18/2008

> 2008

from COMPONENT to SYSTEM NANOTECHNOLOGY

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Understanding mechanisms and patterns of

system behavior as a function of components, interaction forces and networks at the nanoscale. Consider systems with large number of nano- components and non-linear interactions

Tools for measuring, simulation and

manufacturing of bio/engineering nanosystems

Development of a new framework for risk

assessment to address emerging functions of nanosystems with potential use in consumer products, medical treatments, food industry and

ther areas

Challenges for Systems Nanotechnology

Integrated circuits that are smaller and faster are possible with microfluidics systems built from

r incorporating

nanocomponents. Ferreira, UIUC, 0328162.

MC Roco, 4/18/2008

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A. Zettl (UCB), J. Rogers (U Illinois):

nano radio = antenna, filter, amplifier

IBM: Manipulation with atomic precision

C. Mirkin (NU), O. Gang (BNL)

Architectures for new, designed crystals

Examples new topics in 2008

Nanodevices and components of nanosystems

This image, taken by a transmission electron microscope, shows the carbon-nanotube radio (UCB)

Graphene to build electronic systems Informatics for nanosystem design Nanolayers for energy conversion Water filtration using nano membranes

Selfassembling of atoms through DNA strands

M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

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Nano radio (by Zettl Group, UCSB)

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Designing molecules for hierarchical selfassembling Designing molecules for hierarchical selfassembling

EX: - Biomaterials for human repair: nerves, tissues, wounds (Sam Stupp, NU) Example 4th generation (in research)

New nanomachines based on DNA architectures (Ned Seeman, Poly. Inst.)
Designed molecules for self-assembled porous walls (Virgil Percec, U. PA)
Self-assembly processing for artificial cells (Matt Tirrell, UCSB)
Block co-polymers for 3-D structures on surfaces (U. Mass, U. Wisconsin)

MC Roco, 4/18/2008

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Changing R&D infrastructure since 2000 Ex: US - NNI Infrastructure

M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

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NNI Networks and User Facilities

MC Roco, 4/18/2008

NSF: eight networks with national goals and service
NIH:

four for medical research, cancer and metrology

DOE: one network with five large facilities
NASA: network of four centers on convergence
DOD: three centers on nanoscience
NIST: instrumentation and manufacturing user facilities
NIOSH: particle characterization center

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Nationwide Impact

Nine Nanoscale Science and Engineering networks with national outreach

Nanotechnology Center Learning and Teaching (2004-) 1 million students/ 5yr Center for Nanotechnology lnformal Science Education (2005-) 100 sites/ 5yr Network for Nanotechnology in Society (2005-) Involve academia, public, industry National Nanomanufacturing Network (2006-) 4 NSETs , DOD centers, and NIST Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (2008-) with EPA Network for Computational Nanotechnology (2002-) > 50,000 users/ 2007 National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (2003-) 4,500 users/ 2007 NSEC Network (2001-) 17 research & education centers MRSEC Network (2001-) 6 new research & education centers since 2000

MC Roco, 4/18/2008

TOOLS TOPICAL GENERAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION

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Network for Computational Nanotechnology

http://www.nanoHUB.org – Open-source

> 50,000 users / 2007; NSF cost ~ $100 / user

A national resource for research, education and user-facility Focus: from atoms to systems; same equations for various applications NCN (7 nodes)

U. Florida
U. Illinois-Urbana Champaign

Northwestern U. Stanford U. U.Texas-El Paso Norfolk State U. Purdue U.

No. Date

MC Roco, 4/18/2008

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19

National Nanomanufacturing Network Its core: Four Nanomanufacturing NSECs

Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing (CHM)
U. Mass Amherst/UPR/MHC/Binghamton
Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing (CHN)
Northeastern/U. Mass Lowell/UNH
Center for Scalable and Integrated Nanomanufacturing (SINAM)
UC Berkeley/UCLA/UCSD/Stanford/UNC Charlotte
Center for Nanoscale Chemical-Electrical-Mechanical Manufacturing

Systems (Nano-CEMMS)

UIUC/CalTech/NC A&T

Open-access network www.nanomanufacturing.org beta.internano.org

MC Roco, 4/18/2008

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Changing national investment

FY 2009 NNI Budget Request - $1,527 million

Fiscal Year NNI 2000 $270M 2001 $464M 2002 $697M 2003 $862M 2004 $989M 2005 $1,200M 2006 $1,303M 2007 $1,425M 2008 $1,491M R 2009 $1,527M

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 NNI ($ million)

MC Roco, 01/10/2008

EHS 2006: $38M (primary; $68M total eff.) 2007: $48M (primary; $86M total est.) 2008: $57M (primary; $102 total est.) 2009: $76M (primary - planned)

NNI / R&D ~ 1/4 of the world R&D NNI / EHS > 1/2 of the world EHS R&D

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NSF – discovery, innovation and education

in Nanoscale Science and Engineering (NSE)

www.nsf.gov/nano , www.nano.gov

FY 2009 Request: $397M ~1/4 of Federal and ~1/12 of World Investment

– Fundamental research - new priorities as compared to 5 years ago – Establishing the infrastructure - over 4,000 active projects;

24 large centers, 3 user facilities (NNIN, NCN, NNN), multidisc. teams

– Training and education – over 10,000 students and teachers/yr

Fiscal Year NSF 2000 $97M 2001 $150M 2002 $199M 2003 $221M 2004 $254M 2005 $338M 2006 $344M 2007 $373M 2008 $389M R 2009 $397M

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 NSE ($M)

M.C. Roco, 04/18/2008

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ACTIVE Nanoscale Science & Engineering Awards (FY 2001 - 2007)

2,1 69 2,602 3,274 3,773 4,1 26 4,530 4,896

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Fiscal Year N u m b er o f A w ard s

M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

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AK - $3.96 $10.73 $6.39 HI - $0.77 $6.91 $7.76 $16.59 $14.44 $4.30 $6.36 $5.86 $42.95 $11.85 MD - $11.98 $3.36 $7.50 $9.58 $5.47 $4.00 $10.23 $9.50 $15.94 $17.52 $10.63 $8.86 $7.80 $13.46 $4.22 $18.68 $9.26 $7.87 $7.30 $15.18 PR - $4.79 $10.61 RI - $25.38 $7.26 $16.27 $5.98 $7.79 $8.59 $9.01 $9.24 $7.05 $14.09 $22.48 $2.96 $5.59 CT - $7.92 DC - $38.12 DE - $25.39 $4.19

FY01-07 PerCapita NEW Amt. <= 5.466 5.466 - 7.262 7.262 - 8.859 8.859 - 10.63 10.63 - 16.27 16.27 - 42.95

Per Capita Amount for NEW NS&E Awards FY 2001 – 2007 by State

State NEW FY 2001-2007 $ Per Capita Rank

MA $272,681,724 $42.95 1 DC $21,804,945 $38.12 2 DE $19,893,702 $25.39 3 RI $26,604,737 $25.38 4 CO $96,677,354 $22.48 5 M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

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Institutions (28) with $5 Million or More (NSE Portion) in ACTIVE FY 2007 Awards

$0 $5,000,000 $10,000,000 $15,000,000 $20,000,000 $25,000,000 C

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M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

SLIDE 25

www.nsf.gov/nano

r link www.nano.gov

SLIDE 26

NNI Accomplishments (1)

Developed foundational knowledge for control of matter at the nanoscale:

about 4,000 active projects in > 500 universities, private sector institutions and gov. labs in all 50 states

“Created an interdisciplinary nanotechnology community” 1
R&D / Innovation Results: With ~25% of global government investments,

the U.S. accounts worldwide for ~ 50% of highly cited papers, ~ 60% of USPTO patents2, and ~ 70% of startups3 in nanotech. Over 2,000 U.S. nanotech companies in 2006; ~ $60B products incorporating essential nano components

Infrastructure:
ver 80 new large nanotechnology research centers, networks

and user facilities; five large networks of user facilities

(1) NSF Committee of Visitors; (2) Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2006; (3) NanoBusiness Alliance, 2006

MC Roco, 4/18/2008

SLIDE 27

NNI Accomplishments (2)

Partnerships: with industry (Consultative Boards for Advancing

Nanotechnology - CBAN), regional alliances (25), international (over 30 countries), numerous professional societies

Societal implications and applications -

since 2000, about 15% of NSF / NNI budget has relevance to environmental health, and safety, and other societal and educational concerns; NNI estimates ~ $100 million in FY 2008 (primary/secondary)

Nanotechnology education and outreach -

impacting over 10,000 graduate students and teachers in 2007; expanded to undergraduate and high schools, and outreach; create national networks for formal and informal education

Global outreach:

The U.S. NNI has catalyzed global activities in nanotechnology and served as a stimulus for other programs.

MC Roco, 4/18/2008

SLIDE 28

Industry-academe-government R&D partnerships for common goals

MC Roco, 4/18/2008

Increased role of industry in funding

nanotechnology R&D ; changes in gov. funding

Special role of local governments for

infrastructure, education and small business

Global partnerships for nanotechnology

knowledge, markets and organizations

Cross-industry R&D consortia

SLIDE 29

NNI-Industry Consultative Boards for Advancing Nanotech

Key for development of nanotechnology, Reciprocal gains

NNI-Electronic Industry (SIA/SRC lead), October 2003 -

Collaborative activities in key R&D areas 5 working groups, Periodical joint actions and reports NSF-SRC agreement for joint funding; other joint funding

NNI-Chemical Industry (CCR lead)

Joint road map for nanomaterials R&D; Report in 2004 2 working groups, including on EHS Use of NNI R&D results, and identify R&D opportunities

NNI – Organizations and business (IRI lead), 2004-

Joint activities in R&D technology management 2 working groups (nanotech in industry, EHS) Exchange information, use NNI results, support new topics

NNI-Biotechnology (BIO lead), October 2004-

Collaborative activities in key R&D areas 2 working groups, R&D collaboration and EHS; joint funding

CCR

MC Roco, 4/18/2008

SLIDE 30

Changing international context since 2000

MC. Roco, 4/18/2008

~ 2000: Focus on discovery , ‘wait & see’ if applied > 2005: Nano as a technological, economical and strategic advantage for nations and large businesses Expanding open-source horizontal growth communication governance

SLIDE 31

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

millions $ / year

W. Europe

Japan USA Others Total

Context Context – – Nanotechnology in the World Nanotechnology in the World

National government investments 1997 National government investments 1997-

2007

2007 (estimation NSF)

(estimation NSF)

NNI Preparation (vision / benchmark) 1st Strategic Plan (passive nanostructures) 2nd Strategic Plan (active ns. & systems) Seed funding (1991 - )

Country / Region Gov. Nanotech R&D, 2006 ($M) Specific Nanotech R&D, 2006 ($/Capita)

USA

1350 ~ 1150

Japan

~ 980 7.6 ~ 280 ~ 315 ~ 110

EU-25

4.5 2.5 0.23 6.5

China Korea Taiwan

4.7

J. Nanoparticle Research, 7(6), 2005, MC. Roco

Industry R&D ($6B) has exceeded national government R&D ($4.6B) in 2006

SLIDE 32

Growing nanotechnology R&D investment - $12.6 billion in 2006

M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

National governments ~ $4.6 billion Local governments and organizations ~ $1.8 billion

SLIDE 33

2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 1991 1996 2001 2006 Year Number of papers USA Japan People R China Germany France

Nanotechnology research publications Top five countries in 2006: USA, China, Japan, Germany, France

using “Title-claims” search in SCI database for nanotechnology by keywords (using intelligent search engine, update J. Nanoparticle Research, 2004, 6 (4))

M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

SLIDE 34

Highly cited nanotechnology related papers published in Science, Nature and PNAS

using “Title-abstract” search in SCI database for nanotechnology by keywords (using intelligent search engine, update J. Nanoparticle Research, 2004, 6(4))

0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% 100.00% 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 Year Percentage USA Japan People R China Germany France

M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

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USPTO Country Groups (Title-claims search, 1976-2006) 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Number of patents United States Japan European Group Others

Year United States Japan European Group Others 1976 30 3 3 6 1977 53 2 3 3 1978 58 3 9 3 1979 26 2 7 3 1980 50 3 9 1981 61 1 10 3 1982 51 1 13 1 1983 73 1 15 4 1984 93 4 8 1985 97 2 16 1 1986 100 6 11 1 1987 132 12 11 1988 124 10 10 6 1989 162 21 28 4 1990 164 17 28 7 1991 204 14 28 9 1992 256 31 26 19 1993 244 36 20 18 1994 227 51 28 10 1995 302 57 33 36 1996 325 52 40 27 1997 393 62 73 25 1998 486 65 103 56 1999 548 75 96 85 2000 612 81 122 68 2001 818 84 147 112 2002 926 102 168 144 2003 1103 143 182 207 2004 1300 172 203 257 2005 1155 160 198 245 2006 1488 212 214 298 Total 11661 1485 1862 1658

NSE patents at USPTO by country group

Assignee country group analysis by year, 1976-2006 (“title-claims” search)

M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

SLIDE 36

U.S. International partnerships for Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology included in bilateral (e.g. U.S.- Japan, EU, India, etc.),

and international organizations (e.g. OECD, APEC, etc.) S&T agreements

Typical NSF activities

Bottom-up by individual partnerships in research
Periodical NanoForums (annual); other workshops
Using networks: NNIN / NCN and partner networks / facilities
Young scientists exchange programs

Areas and modes of increased collaboration:

fundamental knowledge (precompetitive) - by twinning and networking
education - by visits, int. courses, books, int. accreditation, study institutes
broad societal implications: health, environment, energy, water

filtration, ethics - exchanges

contribute to international S&T “grand challenges”
industry partnerships, precompetitive nanotechnology platforms

MC Roco, 4/18/2008

SLIDE 37

Changing public perception and governance since 2000

Before 2000: Is anything special at nanoscale?

Is nanotechnology important? When the first products?

2000-2003: Are there self-duplicating nano-bots? > 2003: What are the risks of “long-term / catastrophic

environmental and health events” of nanoparticles?

> 2005: Nanotechnology can help sustainable management

f global resources (water, energy, ..)

Concern on using nanotechnology in food, others

MC. Roco, 4/18/2008

www.irgc.org

SLIDE 38

Core Governance Process Core Governance Process

(Long-term view, transforming, horizontal/vertical, inclusive, priority

n education, addressing societal

dimensions, risk governance)

R&D Organizations R&D Organizations

(Academe, industry, gov.)

Implementation Network Implementation Network

(Regulators, business, NGOs, media, public)

Social Climate Social Climate

(Perceived authority of science, civil involvement)

National Political Context National Political Context International Interactions International Interactions

NANOTECHNOLOGY GOVERNANCE OVERVIEW

2000-2020

Reference: “NNI: Past, Present Future”, Handbook of Nanoscience, Eng. and Techn., MC Roco., Taylor and Francis, 2007

SLIDE 39

NT Governance and Risk Governance

NT GOVERNANCE

Investment policy
Science policy
Risk governance
Others

2000-2020

NANOTECHNOLOGY RISK GOVERNANCE (IRGC) Four key functions

M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

SLIDE 40

A sampling of NSET Subcommittee publications A sampling of NSET Subcommittee publications for second strategic plan (2006 for second strategic plan (2006-

2010)

2010)

S

cietal Implications (II)

S

cietal Implications (II)

MC Roco, 04/18/08

SLIDE 41

Inclusive: industry, academe, government Inclusive: industry, academe, government

Participants in the Participants in the National Nanotechnology Initiative National Nanotechnology Initiative

2001: Six Agencies

NSF DOE DOD NASA NIST NIH EPA DOT DOTr DOJ USDA IC DOS DOC TA DHS NRC FDA CPSC ITC USPTO NIOSH DOC BIS USDA FS

2005: Six New Agencies 2002: Seven New Agencies 2003-4: Four New Agencies 2006: Three New Agencies

DOEd DOL USGS

MC Roco, 4/18/2008

SLIDE 42

Overview of NNI EHS funding in 2006

NNCO; MC. Roco, 4/18/2008

SLIDE 43

NSF Investment in Societal Dimensions of NT

Of FY 2008 NNI / NSF of $390 M, $63 M or 16.2% is for SI, and $29.2 M (7.5%) for nano EHS

$0.00 $10.00 $20.00 $30.00 $40.00 $50.00 $60.00 $70.00 FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2003 FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 Est Investment (million $/yr) 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 Percentage

Environmental, Health, and Safety Formal and Informal Education Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues Percentage Societal Dimensions

MC. Roco, 4/18/2008

New NSEC in 2008: Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (NSF, EPA)

SLIDE 44

Five possibilities for global nanotechnology governance

1. Establish models for the global self-regulating ecosystem

to enhance discovery, education, innovation, nanoinformatics and commercialization

2. Create and leverage S&T nanotech platforms for new

products in areas of highest societal interest

3. Develop NT for common resources and EHS requirements
4. Support global communication and international

partnerships, facilitated by international organizations

5. Commitment to long-term, priority driven, global view

using scenarios and anticipatory measures

M.C. Roco, 4/18/2008

Reference: “Global Governance of Converging Technologies”, MC Roco, J. Nanoparticle Research, 2008, 10 11-29