The atomic model The nuclide chart and nuclear energy Stefaan Pomm - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Sep 28, 2022 148 likes •389 views

The atomic model The nuclide chart and nuclear energy Stefaan Pomm Image origin unknown Molecule 1 Atom Nucleus Molecule Credit: IRAM Atom proton nucleus electron electromagnetic field distance up to 10,000 x the nuclear

SLIDE 1

Image origin unknown

The atomic model

The nuclide chart and nuclear energy

Stefaan Pommé

SLIDE 2

1

Molecule – Atom – Nucleus

SLIDE 3

Molecule

Credit: IRAM

SLIDE 4

Atom

N/A

electron nucleus

distance up to 10,000 x the nuclear diameter

proton electromagnetic field

SLIDE 5

Nucleus

u d u

neutron proton

10-15 m

quark

10-19 m

strong field

SLIDE 6

Nuclide : defined by mass and charge

AZ

Z = number of protons → element N = number of neutrons A = N+Z = mass number

SLIDE 7

Isotopes : same element, different mass

1H

hydrogen

2H

deuterium

3H

tritium

SLIDE 8

2

Chart of nuclides

SLIDE 9

Chemistry: Table of elements

Credit: :http://sciencenotes.org/printable-periodic-table/

SLIDE 10

Nuclear Physics: Nuclide Chart

Credit: Nature 465, 430–431

112 elements 3000 nuclides

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(Radio)nuclides

Credit: JRC

isotopes (=Z) isotones (=N) isobars (=A)

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Transformation through radioactive decay

Credit: JRC

N N+1 N-1 N-2 Z-2 Z-1 Z+1 Z

Z,N

b- EC,b+ a n p

SLIDE 13

Transformation through nuclear reactions

Credit: JRC

N N+1 N-1 N-2 Z-2 Z-1 Z+1 Z

Z,N

n,p a

Z+1

a,3n a,2n a,n p,n p,g d,n a,np n,g d,p g,n n,2n g,p n,pn n,a g,pn d,a

SLIDE 14

The origin of matter: nucleosynthesis

Credit:

SLIDE 15

3

E = M c2

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Atomic mass unit (u)

M = E/c2

1 u = 1.6605 x 10-27 kg = 931.46 MeV/c2

/12

12C

1eV = 1.602 10-19 J

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Atomic mass of deuterium

2.014102 amu

ATOM proton neutron electron COMPONENTS 1.007276 u 1.008665 u 0.000549 u

2.016490 u Mass defect = 0.002388 u

http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/qcalc/

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binding energy

Atom = smaller mass Separated particles = greater mass

The binding energy of an atom

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Nuclear Binding Energy

Credit: http://oscar6echo.blogspot.be/2012/11/nuclide-chart.html

Z N Fission Fusion

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Nuclear energy from fusion

E=Mc2

Energy release = [0.0189 u]c2 = 17.6 MeV!

Mass = 2.013553 u + 3.015500 u = 5.029053 u Mass = 4.001506 u + 1.008665 u = 5.010171 u

Credit: http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/qcalc

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Nuclear energy from fission

E=Mc2

Energy release = [0.198 u]c2 = 185 MeV!!

Mass (235U) = 235.04393 u Mass = 139.92165 u + 93.91536 u + 1.00866 u = 234.84567 u

Credit: http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/qcalc

Sr-94 U-235 Xe-140 n

SLIDE 22

Image Rosette Nebula (http://mayda.com/astro/NGC2237.html)