The atomic model The nuclide chart and nuclear energy Stefaan Pomm - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The atomic model The nuclide chart and nuclear energy Stefaan Pommé Image origin unknown

Molecule 1 – Atom – Nucleus

Molecule Credit: IRAM

Atom proton nucleus electron electromagnetic field distance up to 10,000 x the nuclear diameter N/A

Nucleus neutron strong field 10 -15 m quark u d u 10 -19 m proton

Nuclide : defined by mass and charge Z = number of protons → element N = number of neutrons A = N+Z = mass number A Z

Isotopes : same element, different mass 3 H 2 H 1 H tritium hydrogen deuterium

2 Chart of nuclides

Chemistry: Table of elements Credit: :http://sciencenotes.org/printable-periodic-table/

Nuclear Physics: Nuclide Chart 112 elements Credit: Nature 465, 430–431 3000 nuclides

(Radio)nuclides isotones (=N) isotopes (=Z) isobars (=A) Credit: JRC

Transformation through radioactive decay b - Z+1 n Z,N Z Z-1 EC, b + p a Z-2 Credit: JRC N-2 N-1 N N+1

Transformation through nuclear reactions a ,3n a ,2n a ,n Z+1 p, g p,n a ,np Z+1 d,n g ,n n, g Z,N Z n,2n d,p g ,pn g ,p Z-1 n,p d, a n,pn n, a Z-2 a Credit: JRC N-2 N-1 N N+1

The origin of matter: nucleosynthesis Credit:

3 E = M c 2

Atomic mass unit (u) M = E/c 2 = 1.6605 x 10 -27 kg 1 u = 931.46 MeV/c 2 12 C /12 1eV = 1.602 10 -19 J

http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/qcalc/ Atomic mass of deuterium COMPONENTS ATOM proton 1.007276 u neutron 1.008665 u 2 H 0.000549 u electron 2.014102 amu 2.016490 u Mass defect = 0.002388 u

The binding energy of an atom binding energy Atom Separated particles = smaller mass = greater mass

Z Nuclear Binding Energy N Fusion Fission Credit: http://oscar6echo.blogspot.be/2012/11/nuclide-chart.html

Nuclear energy from fusion E=Mc 2 Mass = Mass = 2.013553 u 4.001506 u + 3.015500 u + 1.008665 u = 5.029053 u = 5.010171 u Credit: http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/qcalc Energy release = [0.0189 u]c 2 = 17.6 MeV!

E=Mc 2 Nuclear energy from fission Xe-140 Mass = U-235 139.92165 u + 93.91536 u n Mass ( 235 U) = + 1.00866 u 235.04393 u = 234.84567 u Credit: http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/qcalc Sr-94 Energy release = [0.198 u]c 2 = 185 MeV!!

Image Rosette Nebula (http://mayda.com/astro/NGC2237.html)