Th The Bi Big Chill ll: : bud dormancy and cold hardiness in - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Th The Bi Big Chill ll: : bud dormancy and cold hardiness in grape Jason P. Londo United States Department of Agriculture: Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY Northern Grapes Webinar 12/8/2015 How does winter temperature influence
Jason P. Londo United States Department of Agriculture: Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY Northern Grapes Webinar 12/8/2015
temperature influence grapevines?
What is dormancy?
genetics interact? Can we plan/breed for the future?
Vitis vinifera
Adapted to a Mediterranean Climate Cool/mild winters, warm dry summers Varieties with greatest “hardiness” survive until ~-22/-25 °C
Vitis riparia
Adapted to cold, harsh winters… Survives temperatures until -35/-40 °C But also cool, mild winters.
Vitis rupestris Vitis vulpina Vitis amurensis – East Asia Vitis labrusca Vitis riparia Vitis aestivalis Vitis cinerea Wild Grapevine
http://chesapeakeclimate.org/ blog/study-va-md-vineyards- dead-by-2050/ http://wineeconomist.com/category/climate-change/
Mid-Atlantic and Northeast Europe California and the West
Warmer Winters Changes in Precipitation Patterns Changes in Temperature Patterns
Polar Vortex!! Natural Occurrence, but more frequent
NOAA www.news.discovery.com
Budburst Cold extremes Frost
Frost
www.extension.org
Winter Fall Spring
Dormancy
Growth and Bud Development Paradormancy Endodormancy Ecodormancy Growth resumes
Photoperiod changes cold ??? Warmth Growing Degree Days
Hormonal Molecular- Metabolic Environmental
Goffinet 2004 Goffinet 2004 Goffinet 2004
Auxin, Cytokinin, Giberrelin
Acclimation, Dormancy, Midwinter Bud Hardiness, and Deacclimation
Endodormancy Ecodormancy Acclimation Deacclimation Maximum Hardiness Lethal Temperature
Goffinet 2004
http://ilc.royalsaskmuseum.ca/ilc1/pages/12c /13f/pf13fp2p1.htm
Midwinter freezing, the difference between non-lethal and lethal freezing
Ice which forms between cells is not typically lethal ~-5 °C If temperatures continue to drop, ice may form inside the cell, or damage from dehydration becomes irreversible
Goffinet 2004
http://ilc.royalsaskmuseum.ca/ilc1/pages/12c /13f/pf13fp2p1.htm
Midwinter freezing, the difference between non-lethal and lethal freezing
Mills et al 2006
Midwinter freezing, the difference between non-lethal and lethal freezing
Temperature Non-Lethal Freezing Lethal Freezing
Mills et al 2006
LT50 = -21 C°
Mild/Cool Winter Cold Punctuated Winter Cold Sustained Winter
Winters are not created equal.
No Freeze Damage Extensive Damage Patchy Damage 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015
Species are also, not created equal.
2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 aestivalis
amurensis
cinerea
hybrid
labrusca
riparia
rupestris
vulpina
Average LT50 Mid December-February Different species have different ability Winter conditions change how “hardy” any variety can be
Species are also, not created equal.
2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 aestivalis
amurensis
cinerea
hybrid
labrusca
riparia
rupestris
vulpina
Average LT50 Mid December-February
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 7-Nov 7-Dec 6-Jan 5-Feb 7-Mar 6-Apr
2012-2013
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 12-Nov 12-Dec 11-Jan 10-Feb 12-Mar 11-Apr
2013-2014
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 12-Nov 12-Dec 11-Jan 10-Feb 12-Mar
2014-2015
Vitis riparia Vitis amurensis Vitis hybrid
Temperature C°
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 7-Nov 7-Dec 6-Jan 5-Feb 7-Mar 6-Apr
2012-2013
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 12-Nov 12-Dec 11-Jan 10-Feb 12-Mar 11-Apr
2013-2014
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 12-Nov 12-Dec 11-Jan 10-Feb 12-Mar
2014-2015
Vitis riparia Vitis amurensis Vitis hybrid Temperature C°
variation at any point in the winter
and Southern riparia are very winter hardy (in NY)
10 20 23-Oct 22-Nov 22-Dec 21-Jan 20-Feb 22-Mar 21-Apr
10 20 18-Oct 17-Nov 17-Dec 16-Jan 15-Feb 17-Mar 16-Apr
2013-2014 2014-2015 Varieties ≤ -32°C ; Montreal, Montana, Ontario, Illinois Varieties ≤ -32°C ; Manitoba, Quebec, Ontario, Minnesota, North Dakota, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Texas Temperature C°
temperatures = Chilling Hours
but require heat to do so = Heating Hours
and different Heating hours
Brent Wilson, www.gardenality.com
Cold winters, mostly below 0 C° Low chilling hours Cool winters moderated by the Great Lakes and Atlantic Ocean High chilling hours Variable winters Fluctuating chilling hours
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May
2012-2013
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May
2013-2014
Chilling hours are different based on geography, due to climate differences Chilling hours accumulate between 0-7 °C Temperatures above 7 °C may “rewind” the clock Temperatures below 0 °C are essentially “invisible” and the clock does not advance Chilling Hours Chilling Hours New York South Dakota Missouri New York South Dakota Missouri
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May
2012-2013
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May
2013-2014
NY 1300 SD 900 MO 1500 NY 1100 SD 800 MO 1200 Warm/Mild Winter Higher Chilling Hours Cold Winter Lower Chilling Hours Chilling hours are different based on geography, due to climate differences Winter warming will tend to increase chilling hours in northern growing regions New York South Dakota Missouri New York South Dakota Missouri
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15
Utah Chilling Hours Oct 1-Apr 30
2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016
Chilling Hours in Geneva NY
Mild/Cool Winter Cold Punctuated Winter Cold Sustained Winter
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15
Utah Chilling Hours Oct 1-Apr 30
2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016
Chilling Hours in Geneva NY
Early Budburst 2012 Followed by frost event Late Budburst 2013/2014 No major frost event
Warm/Mild Winters are dangerous as vines are “super-chilled” and will burst early/faster in spring.
50% Budburst at 4 wks
Chilling hours = 750
Riesling = Synchronous Cabernet Sauvignon = Not Synchronous
50% Budburst at 4 wks
Chilling hours = 750
Riesling = Synchronous Cabernet Sauvignon = Not Synchronous
Increased chilling hours results in super-optimal chilling
budburst.
Conserved response to chilling in wild grape
Low chill-Rapid Moderate High chill-Slow Chilling Hours All species need chilling to synchronize budburst Different species (genotypes) have different chilling requirements. We can select specific germplasm to breed for these different traits Southern Northern
Conserved response to chilling in wild grape
Chilling Hours All species need chilling to synchronize budburst Different species (genotypes) have different chilling requirements. We can select specific germplasm to breed for these different traits It is possible to “over-chill” or provide “super-optimal chilling”. This makes buds more synchronous and break bud faster. Southern Northern
10 20 30 40 50 60 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 10 20 30 40 50 60 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Variation in response to chilling and super-optimal chilling within 43 wild grape genotypes of V. riparia If wild riparia is used in breeding programs for cold hardy Hybrid grapes, it may be beneficial to select southern material to avoid inadvertently breeding for rapid budburst Another alternative may be to breed with non-riparia species, but hardiness needs to be tested in Northern Plains Days needed for Budburst Hours of chilling at 4 C° Southern Northern
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May
2012-2013
New York South Dakota Missouri
What does this mean for grape production and for new cultivars?
Chilling hours determines budburst synchronicity, and budburst speed Need to use low chill varieties for the Northern growing regions for budburst and synchronous flowering. However, these varieties are also the most at risk of super-optimal chilling and frost, particularly in the Midwest and Northeast.
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May
2012-2013
New York South Dakota Missouri
Cabernet Franc, Riesling Cabernet Sauvignon Marechel Foch Concord
What does this mean for grape production and for new cultivars?
Chilling Hour Requirements Missouri/New York
Synchronized Synchronized and over-chilled Synchronized and over-chilled Synchronized and over-chilled
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May
2012-2013
New York South Dakota Missouri
Cabernet Franc, Riesling Cabernet Sauvignon Marechel Foch Concord
What does this mean for grape production and for new cultivars?
Chilling Hour Requirements South Dakota
Synchronized Desynchronized Synchronized and over-chilled Synchronized if late spring
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May
2012-2013
New York South Dakota Missouri
Cabernet Franc, Riesling Cabernet Sauvignon Marechel Foch Concord
What does this mean for grape production and for new cultivars?
Vitis riparia chilling
risk to spring frost due to low chill phenotypes. Marquette? Frontenac? St. Croix? Others?
New York South Dakota Missouri
Cabernet Franc, Riesling Cabernet Sauvignon Marechel Foch Concord
What does this mean for grape production and for new cultivars?
Vitis riparia chilling Range of wild Vitis chilling However, lots of variation in chilling hours if you use additional wild species in breeding programs. Breeding for a warmer, but less stable, future….
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May
2012-2013
Projected effect of 2 °C increase in hourly temperature on Chilling hours in New York and South Dakota
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 1-Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr
New York South Dakota Projected minimum temperature increase by 2070
http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/modelcombo.htm
Projected effect of 2 °C increase in hourly temperature on Chilling hours in New York and South Dakota
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 1-Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr
New York South Dakota
Projected effect of 2 °C increase in hourly temperature on Chilling hours in New York and South Dakota
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 1-Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr
New York has delayed chilling in Fall, but increased chilling by spring South Dakota has little effect in Fall, but increased chilling by spring New York + 2 °C South Dakota + 2 °C
Projected effect of 2 °C increase in hourly temperature on Chilling hours in New York and South Dakota
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 1-Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr
249 hours more For every 100 hours of chilling, can predict an increased budburst rate of ~1.3 days, or 31 hours. 407.5 hours more New York + 2 °C South Dakota + 2 °C
Projected effect of 2 °C increase in hourly temperature on Chilling hours in New York and South Dakota
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 1-Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr
For every 100 hours of chilling, can predict an increased budburst rate of ~1.3 days, or 31 hours. average of 5.17 days faster New York + 2 °C South Dakota + 2 °C average of 3.2 days faster
Predicted Warm 2015-2016 Winter
wind system, so bud hardiness must be retained for acute cold. Not foolproof
for frost event damage.
http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/2012/4-18/grapes.html
grape and differences are driven by both genetics, and geography/climate.
Endodormancy Ecodormancy
midwinter survival, and chilling hour phenotypes based on climate.
are very difficult to prevent.
determines frost risk. This risk is different based on geography.
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 18-Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May
2012-2013
New York South Dakota Missouri
chilling hour accumulation, leading to super-optimal chilling of all varieties.
the combination of genetics and climate changes.
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 1-Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr 2012-2013 NY 2012-2013 Warm NY 2012-2013 SD 2012-2013 Warm SD
be evaluated at multiple locations Breeding programs shouldn’t be afraid of trying southern species.
USDA
Kathleen Deys Jacquelyn Lillis Nancy Consolie Bill Srmack John Keeton Bob Martens Greg Noden Anne Fennell - SDSU Michela Centinari – Penn State
Cornell
Alisson Kovaleski Bruce Reisch Bill Wilsey Tim Martinson Chrislyn Particka Beth Takacs Steve Luce Lynn Johnson