Team DragonSlayer Extreme C70: Materials Design (Final Presentation) - - PDF document

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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291969993 Team DragonSlayer Extreme C70: Materials Design (Final Presentation) Presentation June 2004 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1704.0401

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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291969993

Team DragonSlayer Extreme C70: Materials Design (Final Presentation)

Presentation · June 2004

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1704.0401

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4 authors, including: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Metallurgical Simulation of Rail Steel During Thermite Welding Using SYSWELD View project Microstructure Evolution Study of Railway Steel Subjected to Thermite Welding View project Kittichai Sojiphan King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok

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SLIDE 2

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 1

Dragon Slayer Extreme C70

Julian Benz Ethan-Young Chang Akbar Naqvi Kittichai Sojiphan MSC 390 Materials Design

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SLIDE 3

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 2

Agenda

  • 1. Need/Background/Inspiration/Passion
  • 2. Property Objectives
  • 3. System Structure
  • 4. Design Approach
  • 5. Preliminary Results/Final Result
  • 6. Conclusion
  • 7. Future Work
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SLIDE 4

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 3

Our Inspiration Martin Zeit

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SLIDE 5

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 4

The Dragonslayer Design Project History

  • must meet aesthetic and

technical requirements:

– accurate design of sword – retain hardness in extreme heat – resist corrosive dragon’s blood – pierce through dragon’s armored scales

  • design sword capable of battling dragons for

QuesTek Innovations LLC

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SLIDE 6

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 5

The Dragonslayer history (continued)

  • Sword needs to be marketable

 Be able to cut through Japanese samurai katana  increase value of collectors item

  • Expand to use in real world
  • Focus on high cost specialized applications
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SLIDE 7

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 6

Why need ultra-high hardness steels?

  • Superior fatigue/wear resistance
  • Higher contact stresses
  • Weight reduction (~50% in gears)

– Decrease strain on engine – Cut pollution and operating costs

Strength Toughness

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SLIDE 8

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 7

Other Applications

  • Tool and die industry
  • Recycling blades for polymeric material

shredding (e.g. automobile tires)

 use of dragonslayer alloy would increase life of blades

  • EDC research on other applications:

– Golf clubs – Bike locks

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SLIDE 9

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 8

Need/Background

Existing secondary hardening carburized steels

Co Ni Cr Mo V C (core) C (case) Ferrium C69-M3B Ferrium C69-1 19.6 2.57 4.9 2.11 0.1 0.071 0.6-0.7 28 3.1 5.1 2.5 0.02 0.1 0.7

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SLIDE 10

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 9

Property Objective

C69-1 C69-M3B C70 Case Hardness 1000 VHN 890 VHN 1076 VHN Core Hardness 435 VHN 388 VHN <435 VHN Ms Temp (case) 150oC 157oC >~50oC Ms Temp (core) 463.55oC 482.2oC >300oC Ts Temp (case) 1050oC 1050oC <1100oC M2C DF (case) 29.76 kJ/mol 25.88 kJ/mol MAX (~29.76 kJ/mol) Sigma DF (core) 6.34679 kJ/mol 2.7661 kJ/mol MIN (~2.7661 kJ/mol) K-Lee 4.53e-28 2.37e-26 ~4.53e-28 Tempering T 482oC (16hr) 550oC (1hr) ~500oC

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SLIDE 11

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 10

Property Objective – CES Result

Core Case

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SLIDE 12

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 11

Property Objective – CES Analysis

  • No material currently available that

completely satisfies our property objective

  • High-alloys steels were materials that came

closest to meeting the either the case or core properties

  • Osmium appeared to be a potential

candidate  CES database not reliable

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SLIDE 13

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 12

System Structure

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SLIDE 14

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 13

System Structure – Cryogenic Treatment

  • Existence of retained austenite due to low

Ms temperature  Transformation of retained austenite to martensite (reduction of up to 97%*)

  • Alloy subjected to cryogenic treatment

using liquid N2 (T = 77K)  Increase in hardness!

*http://www.carbotecheng.com/cryostudy2.html#Overviewm

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SLIDE 15

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 14

System Structure

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SLIDE 16

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 15

  • 3 Effects

– Primary Effect: Induction of residual compressive layer – Secondary Effect: Reduction in the level of retained austenite and refining of microstructure – Ternary Effect: Roughening of the surface (adverse!)

System Structure – Shot Peening

Regular Shot Peening Laser Shot Peening

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SLIDE 17

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 16

System Structure – Shot Peening

3 Types Available

  • 1. Single Shot Peening
  • 2. Double Shot Peening
  • 3. Laser Shot Peening
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SLIDE 18

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 17

System Structure – Shot Peening

  • Single Shot Peening

– Applied after cryogenic treatment, not simultaneously – Primary objective is to convert the remaining retained austenite to martensite

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SLIDE 19

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 18

System Structure

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SLIDE 20

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 19

System Structure – Shot Peening

  • Double Shot Peening

– Applied after tempering – Primary objective  apply residual compressive layer – Secondary objective  convert any remaining

  • r newly formed retained austenite to

martensite (this will be explained in detail in tempering section)

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SLIDE 21

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 20

System Structure – Shot Peening

  • Laser Shot Peening

– Applied in alternative to single/double shot peening – Objective same as regular shot peening, but able to provide enhanced results

  • Smoother surface
  • Deeper penetration through utilization of shock wave
  • Possible to increase hardness by almost 10%*
  • If applicable in our design, an increase in hardness by

almost 5% expected

– High cost!

*I. Yakimets et al., Wear, 256, 311 (2004)

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SLIDE 22

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 21

System Structure

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SLIDE 23

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 22

System Structure – Tempering

  • Designed to be between 450~550oC
  • Need to accommodate both M2C and sigma

phase driving force

– T  1 / M2C driving force – T  1/sigma phase driving force

  • Consider As temperature (~350oC)

– Effective Ms temperature higher due to shot peening – Any converted austenite after tempering converted to martensite by shot peening

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SLIDE 24

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 23

System Structure – Grinding/Polishing

  • Adverse effect of shot peening 

roughening of the surface

– Increase surface friction – Act as stress concentration points

  • Lightly ground or polish to obtain smooth

surface (~m < 1mm carburized case)

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SLIDE 25

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 24

Design Approach

Carbon Content (Case, Core)

Tempering Temperature for M2C Strengthening Ni, Co content Minimize Sigma Phase Driving Force, Maximize M2C Driving Force Solution Temperature Check Ms Temperature M concentration

Strengthening Model

Stoichiometry for case Coarsening Rate Ms Temperature Vary Ni, Co along constant case Ms line Ni, Co determined Vary Cr, Mo, V along stoichiometric line M determined Calculate Core Carbon Content

Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-V-C(case)-C(Core)

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SLIDE 26

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 25

Strengthening Model

Total Hardness:

  • Solid Solution strengthening
  • Precipitation Strengthening
  • Shear Mechanism (d<d*)
  • Orowan Looping Mechanism (d>d*)
  • Dislocation Strengthening
  • Martensitic Structure Strength

 65 VHN

1100VHN  0.8wt%C (case)

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SLIDE 27

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 26

Calibration of Strengthening Model

R~19 Angstrom

@ V/Vf=0.8 GS=65VHN

C69-1 (1010VHN @482oC,16hr) C69-M3B (890VHN @550oC,1hr)

R~20 Angstrom

R~19.5 Angstrom

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SLIDE 28

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 27

Design Approach

Carbon Content (Case, Core) Tempering Temperature for M2C Strengthening Ni, Co content Minimize Sigma Phase Driving Force, Maximize M2C Driving Force Solution Temperature Check Ms Temperature

M concentration

Strengthening Model Stoichiometry for case Coarsening Rate Ms Temperature Vary Ni, Co along constant case Ms line Ni, Co determined Vary Cr, Mo, V along stoichiometric line M determined Calculate Core Carbon Content

Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-V-C(case)-C(Core)

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SLIDE 29

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 28

M concentration (M2C stoichiometry)

  • 0.8wt%C (case)
  • wt.%-19.6Co-2.57Ni

(C69-M3B)

  • Temp = 1100oC

[X(Cr)+X(Mo)+X(V)-2*X(C)=0]

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SLIDE 30

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 29

Design Approach

Carbon Content (Case, Core)

Tempering Temperature for M2C Strengthening

Ni, Co content Minimize Sigma Phase Driving Force, Maximize M2C Driving Force Solution Temperature Check Ms Temperature M concentration Strengthening Model Stoichiometry for case Coarsening Rate Ms Temperature Vary Ni, Co along constant case Ms line Ni, Co determined Vary Cr, Mo, V along stoichiometric line M determined Calculate Core Carbon Content

Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-V-C(case)-C(Core)

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SLIDE 31

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 30

Coarsening rate

Reference: C69-1 coasening rate @ 482C: 4.5e-28 s/(m2(J/mol))

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SLIDE 32

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 31

Tempering Temperature

Reference: C69 coarsening rate @ 482C: 4.5e-28 s/(m2(J/mol)) 478~480oC, Tempering Temperature: 479oC A2a A2b A2c A2d A2e

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SLIDE 33

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 32

Design Approach

Carbon Content (Case, Core) Tempering Temperature for M2C Strengthening

Ni, Co content

Minimize Sigma Phase Driving Force, Maximize M2C Driving Force Solution Temperature Check Ms Temperature M concentration Strengthening Model Stoichiometry for case Coarsening Rate Ms Temperature Vary Ni, Co along constant case Ms line Ni, Co determined Vary Cr, Mo, V along stoichiometric line M determined Calculate Core Carbon Content

Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-V-C(case)-C(Core)

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SLIDE 34

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 33

19.6Co-2.57Ni

Ni-Co Content

Ms > 50oC

  • Move Co-Ni along

Ms curve

  • Ts < 1100oC
  • Max M2C DF
  • Min sigma phase DF
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SLIDE 35

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 34

Design Approach

Carbon Content (Case, Core) Tempering Temperature for M2C Strengthening

Ni, Co content

Minimize Sigma Phase Driving Force, Maximize M2C Driving Force

Solution Temperature Check Ms Temperature M concentration Strengthening Model Stoichiometry for case Coarsening Rate Ms Temperature Vary Ni, Co along constant case Ms line Ni, Co determined Vary Cr, Mo, V along stoichiometric line M determined Calculate Core Carbon Content

Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-V-C(case)-C(Core)

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SLIDE 36

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 35

Cr-Mo-V content

Ms Ts M2C DF

4.9Cr-2.11Mo

Cr-Mo Cr-V

Ms Ts M2C DF

4.9Cr- 0.1V

Ms Ts M2C DF

2.11Mo- 0.1V

Mo-V

  • Stoichiometry determined by

ternary phase diagram

[X(Cr)+X(Mo)+X(V)-2*X(C)=0]

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SLIDE 37

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 36

M2C and Sigma phase DF

Calculation @479oC

M2C DF Sigma DF

A2a 28.8156 4.21249 A2b 29.4048 4.57353 A2c 29.9109 5.10316 A2d 26.2268 3.88215 A2e 29.6769 5.43728

A2d A2a A2b A2c A2e

M2C DF Sigma phase DF

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SLIDE 38

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 37

Design Approach

Carbon Content (Case, Core) Tempering Temperature for M2C Strengthening Ni, Co content Minimize Sigma Phase Driving Force, Maximize M2C Driving Force

Solution Temperature

Check Ms Temperature M concentration Strengthening Model Stoichiometry for case Coarsening Rate Ms Temperature Vary Ni, Co along constant case Ms line Ni, Co determined Vary Cr, Mo, V along stoichiometric line M determined Calculate Core Carbon Content

Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-V-C(case)-C(Core)

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SLIDE 39

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 38

Design Approach

Carbon Content (Case, Core) Tempering Temperature for M2C Strengthening Ni, Co content Minimize Sigma Phase Driving Force, Maximize M2C Driving Force Solution Temperature Check Ms Temperature M concentration Strengthening Model Stoichiometry for case Coarsening Rate Ms Temperature Vary Ni, Co along constant case Ms line Ni, Co determined Vary Cr, Mo, V along stoichiometric line M determined

Calculate Core Carbon Content

Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-V-C(case)-C(Core)

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SLIDE 40

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 39

Core Carbon content

  • Minimize sigma phase

driving force

  • Ms > 300oC
  • Hardness < 435VHN

Sigma DF vs wt%C (479oC)

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SLIDE 41

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 40

Design Approach

Carbon Content (Case, Core) Tempering Temperature for M2C Strengthening Ni, Co content Minimize Sigma Phase Driving Force, Maximize M2C Driving Force Solution Temperature

Check Ms Temperature

M concentration Strengthening Model Stoichiometry for case Coarsening Rate Ms Temperature Vary Ni, Co along constant case Ms line Ni, Co determined Vary Cr, Mo, V along stoichiometric line M determined Calculate Core Carbon Content

Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-V-C(case)-C(Core)

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SLIDE 42

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 41

Results – Sensitivity Analysis

Ms Ts M2C DF

V 19.6Co-2.57Ni

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SLIDE 43

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 42

Results – Sensitivity Analysis

Co Cr Mo Ni V Ms +

  • Negligible

Ts + + + + + M2C DF +

  • +

+ + Sigma DF + + + + Negligible Legend: + (Proportional), - (Inversely Proportional)

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SLIDE 44

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 43

Results

19.6Co-2.57Ni

Ms Ts M2C DF

C69-M3B

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SLIDE 45

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 44

Results

A2d A2a A2b A2c A2e

M2C DF Sigma phase DF

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SLIDE 46

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 45

High Co version

Co(wt%) Ni(wt%) Cr(wt%) Mo(wt%) V(wt%) C-Core(wt%) C-Case(wt%) A4d 17.44 4.97 5.4131 2.5563 0.12912 0.1 0.8 A4f 15.28 4.89 5.4503 2.4418 0.14966 0.1 0.8 A4h 14.95 4.835 5.4616 2.4119 0.15452 0.1 0.8 A5a1 14.07 4.66 5.5029 2.3131 0.16651 0.1 0.8 A5b1 12.68 4.43 5.5614 2.1609 0.18996 0.1 0.8 Ms VHN VHN M2C DF Sigma DF (core) Core Case (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (479C) (479C) (479C) (479C) A4d 53.854 1099.39 359.369 430.644 1079.74 29.4655 4.82641 A4f 49.4924 1099.57 349.027 428.656 1075.23 29.071 4.20533 A4h 49.3898 1099.83 348.422 428.184 1074.25 28.9938 4.08484 A5a1 49.3367 1099.82 347.24 426.735 1071.19 27.4832 3.73292 A5b1 48.4006 1100.95 343.914 424.554 1066.6 28.3901 3.20656 Ms Ts

Sigma driving force decreases, but still too high!

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SLIDE 47

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 46

High Co Version

  • Findings

– Need to lower Co and increase Ni to obtain high M2C driving force while maintaining low sigma phase driving force – Amount of V increases as we try to lower Co – However, limited by Ms temperature

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SLIDE 48

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 47

Low Co version

Co (wt%) Ni(wt%) Cr(wt%) Mo(wt%) V(wt%) C-Core(wt%) C-Case(wt%) A5d1 10.4 2.57 6.3971 0.81929 0.0934 0.1 0.8 A5d2 10.4 2.57 6.1883 1.1161 0.13058 0.1 0.8 A5d3 10.4 2.57 6.0901 1.2272 0.16781 0.1 0.8 A5d4 10.4 2.57 5.893 1.486 0.22349 0.1 0.8 Ms VHN VHN M2C DF Sigma DF (core) Core Case (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (479C) (479C) (479C) (479C) A5d1 61.8382 1098.56 366.426 410.3 1035.47 24.47 1.52891 A5d2 66.6806 1096.64 371.729 411.76 1040.33 25.4787 1.63442 A5d3 69.0137 1097.63 374.37 412.53 1042.53 25.9858 1.65692 A5d4 73.6262 1097.34 379.392 414.271 1047.32 26.8013 1.71229 Ms Ts

Sigma driving force much lower, but M2C driving force also too low However, since Ms is still relatively high, M2C driving force can be increased by increasing Ni and lower Co even more

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SLIDE 49

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 48

Results – High Co vs. Low Co

19.6Co-2.57Ni By decreasing Co and increasing Ni, much more V was able to be added within one phase region Can minimize sigma driving force while maintaining high M2C driving force! 10.4Co-4.04Ni 0.15V 0.25V

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SLIDE 50

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 49

Lower Co w/ low Ni vs. high Ni

10Co-2.57Ni 10Co-3.73Ni 0.30V 0.27V By increasing Ni and thereby decreasing V, the M2C driving will increase, but at the same time, sigma driving force will increase This was done to see the trade-off between the M2C and sigma driving force

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SLIDE 51

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 50

A5-e1 Ms Ts M2C DF

Results - Lower Co

To increase M2C DF, x(Ni) must be

  • increased. However, the

composition is at the limit of the Ts Decrease V (V significantly affects Ts)  Need to decrease Ts!

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SLIDE 52

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 51

Lower Co and higher Ni

Co(wt%) Ni(wt%) Cr(wt%) Mo(wt%) V(wt%) C-Core(wt%) C-Case(wt%) A5e1 10 2.57 5.858 1.4548 0.27434 0.1 0.8 A5e2 10 3.658 5.7226 1.7617 0.24406 0.1 0.8 A5e3 10 3.658 5.493 2.2168 0.22733 0.1 0.8 A5e4 10 3.73 5.6124 1.9839 0.23406 0.1 0.8 A5e5 10 3.73 5.5426 2.1199 0.2302 0.1 0.8 A5e6 10 3.73 5.3435 2.5195 0.21311 0.1 0.8 Ms VHN VHN M2C DF Sigma DF (core) Core Case (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (479C) (479C) (479C) (479C) A5e1 73.1757 1099.74 378.161 413.919 1046.86 26.9751 1.58615 A5e2 51.4356 1099.83 345.395 418.733 1055 27.478 2.05249 A5e3 56.0986 1099.19 349.577 421.359 1062.15 27.9767 2.34883 A5e4 52.1926 1099.28 345.131 420.221 1058.69 27.7363 2.20156 A5e5 53.6071 1099.59 346.424 421.001 1060.84 27.8884 2.29764 A5e6 57.6144 1097.64 350.026 423.193 1067.1 28.2758 2.65841 Ms Ts

  • 1. All of these alloys’ sigma DF is lower than property
  • bjective (C69-M3B: 2.7661kJ/mol)
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SLIDE 53

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 52

Lower Co and higher Ni

Co(wt%) Ni(wt%) Cr(wt%) Mo(wt%) V(wt%) C-Core(wt%) C-Case(wt%) A5e1 10 2.57 5.858 1.4548 0.27434 0.1 0.8 A5e2 10 3.658 5.7226 1.7617 0.24406 0.1 0.8 A5e3 10 3.658 5.493 2.2168 0.22733 0.1 0.8 A5e4 10 3.73 5.6124 1.9839 0.23406 0.1 0.8 A5e5 10 3.73 5.5426 2.1199 0.2302 0.1 0.8 A5e6 10 3.73 5.3435 2.5195 0.21311 0.1 0.8 Ms VHN VHN M2C DF Sigma DF (core) Core Case (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (479C) (479C) (479C) (479C) A5e1 73.1757 1099.74 378.161 413.919 1046.86 26.9751 1.58615 A5e2 51.4356 1099.83 345.395 418.733 1055 27.478 2.05249 A5e3 56.0986 1099.19 349.577 421.359 1062.15 27.9767 2.34883 A5e4 52.1926 1099.28 345.131 420.221 1058.69 27.7363 2.20156 A5e5 53.6071 1099.59 346.424 421.001 1060.84 27.8884 2.29764 A5e6 57.6144 1097.64 350.026 423.193 1067.1 28.2758 2.65841 Ms Ts

  • 2. M2C DF increased significantly such that it is higher

than C69-M3B (25.88kJ/mol) but lower than C69-1 (29.76kJ/mol)

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SLIDE 54

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 53

Lower Co and higher Ni

Co(wt%) Ni(wt%) Cr(wt%) Mo(wt%) V(wt%) C-Core(wt%) C-Case(wt%) A5e1 10 2.57 5.858 1.4548 0.27434 0.1 0.8 A5e2 10 3.658 5.7226 1.7617 0.24406 0.1 0.8 A5e3 10 3.658 5.493 2.2168 0.22733 0.1 0.8 A5e4 10 3.73 5.6124 1.9839 0.23406 0.1 0.8 A5e5 10 3.73 5.5426 2.1199 0.2302 0.1 0.8 A5e6 10 3.73 5.3435 2.5195 0.21311 0.1 0.8 Ms VHN VHN M2C DF Sigma DF (core) Core Case (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (479C) (479C) (479C) (479C) A5e1 73.1757 1099.74 378.161 413.919 1046.86 26.9751 1.58615 A5e2 51.4356 1099.83 345.395 418.733 1055 27.478 2.05249 A5e3 56.0986 1099.19 349.577 421.359 1062.15 27.9767 2.34883 A5e4 52.1926 1099.28 345.131 420.221 1058.69 27.7363 2.20156 A5e5 53.6071 1099.59 346.424 421.001 1060.84 27.8884 2.29764 A5e6 57.6144 1097.64 350.026 423.193 1067.1 28.2758 2.65841 Ms Ts

  • 3. Even though M2C DF lower than C69-1, hardness is

much greater!

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SLIDE 55

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 54

Sigma DF Analysis

Sigma DF much lower than property objective of 2.7661kJ/mol, no matter what x(C) Depending on the need, x(C) can be either increased (to further reduce sigma DF) or decreased Sigma DF (479oC) Sigma DF (0.1wt%C) A5-e1

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SLIDE 56

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 55

Final Alloy Composition

Co(wt%) Ni(wt%) Cr(wt%) Mo(wt%) V(wt%) C-Core(wt%) C-Case(wt%) A5e1 10 2.57 5.858 1.4548 0.27434 0.1 0.8 A5e2 10 3.658 5.7226 1.7617 0.24406 0.1 0.8 A5e3 10 3.658 5.493 2.2168 0.22733 0.1 0.8 A5e4 10 3.73 5.6124 1.9839 0.23406 0.1 0.8 A5e5 10 3.73 5.5426 2.1199 0.2302 0.1 0.8 A5e6 10 3.73 5.3435 2.5195 0.21311 0.1 0.8 Ms VHN VHN M2C DF Sigma DF (core) Core Case (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (479C) (479C) (479C) (479C) A5e1 73.1757 1099.74 378.161 413.919 1046.86 26.9751 1.58615 A5e2 51.4356 1099.83 345.395 418.733 1055 27.478 2.05249 A5e3 56.0986 1099.19 349.577 421.359 1062.15 27.9767 2.34883 A5e4 52.1926 1099.28 345.131 420.221 1058.69 27.7363 2.20156 A5e5 53.6071 1099.59 346.424 421.001 1060.84 27.8884 2.29764 A5e6 57.6144 1097.64 350.026 423.193 1067.1 28.2758 2.65841 Ms Ts

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SLIDE 57

Dragonslayer Extreme C70

June 5, 2004 56

Final Result

Co(wt%) Ni(wt%) Cr(wt%) Mo(wt%) V(wt%) C-Core(wt%) C-Case(wt%) A5e1 10 2.57 5.858 1.4548 0.2743 0.1 0.8 A5e6 10 3.73 5.3435 2.5195 0.2131 0.1 0.8 Ms VHN VHN M2C DF Sigma DF (core) Core Case (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (479C) (479C) (479C) (479C) A5e1 73.18 1099.74 378.16 413.92 1046.86 26.9751 1.5862 A5e6 57.61 1097.64 350.03 423.19 1067.1 28.2758 2.6584 Ms Ts

Now I have what I need!!!

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Final Results

C69-1 C69-M3B C70-Ae1 C70-Ae6

Case Hardness

1000 VHN 890 VHN 1046.86 VHN 1067.1 VHN

Core Hardness

435 VHN 388 VHN 413.92 VHN 423.19 VHN

Ms Temp (case)

150oC 157oC 73.18oC 57.61oC

Ms Temp (core)

463.55oC 482.2oC 378.16oC 350.03oC

Ts Temp (case)

1050oC 1050oC 1099.74oC 1097.64oC

M2C DF (case)

29.76 kJ/mol 25.88 kJ/mol 26.9751 kJ/mol 28.2758 kJ/mol

Sigma DF (core)

6.34679 kJ/mol 2.7661 kJ/mol 1.5862 kJ/mol 2.6584 kJ/mol

K-Lee

4.53e-28 2.37e-26 > 4.53e-28 > 4.53e-28

Tempering T

482oC (16hr) 550oC (1hr) 479oC 479oC

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Conclusion

  • 2 final compositions

– One with higher hardness but with higher sigma driving force – Other composition with lower hardness and lower sigma driving force

  • After cryogenic treatment and shot peening,

material expected to reach hardness of 1076VHN

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Future Work

1. Think Out-of-the Box 2. Improve Database 3. Cost calculations 4. Scheil segregation

  • Solidifacation during ingot metallurgy induces

compositional segregation

  • Problem with calculation of A5-e1
  • Segregation of A5-e6 comparable to that of C69-M3B
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Acknowledgements

  • Professor G.B. Olson
  • Yana Qian
  • Brian Tufts, Kristin Benik
  • MSC 390 Colleagues
  • Past Team Dragonslayer Members
  • Random Visitors at Bodeen Lab
  • Chris Horst’s DDR
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Questions?

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References

1. G.B. Olson. Overview: Science of Steel. Innovations in Ultrahigh-Strength Steel Technology. Proc. 34th Sagamore Army Research Conf., 1990. 2. G.R. Speich. Secondary Hardening Ultrahigh-Strength Steels. Innovations in Ultrahigh-Strength Steel

  • Technology. Proc. 34th Sagamore Army Research Conf., 1990.

3. J.F. Watton, G.B. Olson, and M. Cohen. A Novel Hydrogen-Resistant UHS Steel. Innovations in Ultrahigh- Strength Steel Technology. Proc. 34th Sagamore Army Research Conf., 1990. 4. J.S. Montgomery and G.B. Olson. Kinematics of M2C Carbide Precipitation. Innovations in Ultrahigh- Strength SteelTechnology. Proc. 34th Sagamore Army Research Conf., 1990. 5. J.P. Wise. Systems Design of Advanced Gear Steels. Ph.D. thesis, Northwestern Uni., June 1998. 6. U.S. Dept. of Interior and Geological Survey (Jan 31, 2003). Mineral Commodity Summaries 2003. Retrieved on May 28, 2003 from World Wide Web: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2003/mcs2003.pdf. 7. C.E. Campbell and G.B. Olson. Systems design of high performance stainless steels; Conceptual and computational design. Journal of Computer-Aided Materials Design (7): 145-170, 2001. 8.

  • J. Wright. Design Principles for Advanced Carburized Bearing Steels. Ph.D. thesis, Northwestern

University.

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References

9.

  • M. Benedetti, V. Fontanari, B.R. Hohn, P. Oster, and T.Tobie. Influence of shot peening on bending tooth fatigue limit of case hardened gears.

International Journal of Fatigue. 24 (2002): 1127-1136. 10.

  • W. Reitz, and J. Pendray. Cryoprocessing of materials: A review of current status. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 16(6), 829-840 (2001).

11.

  • M. Benedetti, V. Fontanari et al., Influence of shot peening on bending tooth fatigue limit of case hardened gears, International Journal of Fatigue, 2002,

24, 1127-1136. 12.

  • H. Carreon, P. B. Nagy et al., Thermoelectric nondestructive evaluation of residual stress in shot-peened metals, Residual Stress Nondestructive

Evaluation, 2002, 14, 59-80. 13.

  • M. Kobayashi, T. Matsui et al., Mechanism of creation of compressive residual stress by shot peening, International Journal of Fatigue, 1998, 20(5), 351-

357.

14. Wyman Z. Zhuang, Gary R. Halford, Investigation of residual stress relaxation under cyclic load, International Journal of Fatigue, 2001, 23, S31-S37. 15. Katsuyuki Matsui, Hirohito Eto et al., Increase in fatigue limit of gears by compound surface refining using vacuum carburizing, contour induction hardening and double shot peening, JSME International Journal, 2002, Series A, 45(2), 290-297. 16. ASM Desk Editions, Tempering of Steel, Heat Treating of Steel. 17. Iryna Yakimets et al., Laser peening processing effect on mechanical and tribology properties of rolling steel 100Cr6, Wear, 256 (2004), 311-320. 18. MatWeb, http://www.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=MEOs01, Accessed on 5/12/04, 12:51 AM CST. 19. Basics of Cryogenic Treatment, http://www.carbotecheng.com/cryostudy2.html#Overviewm.

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