Team 1709: Utility Grid Enhancement for Deep Integration of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Team 1709: Utility Grid Enhancement for Deep Integration

• f Distributed Photovoltaic Power Generation

Sponsored by: The United Illuminating Company Alsandy Jacot (EE) Derek McCormack (EE) Rahul Vachhani (EE) Joel Velez (EE) Project Advisor: Dr. Peng Zhang

Overview

• Background of distributed energy resources (DER)
• Effects of a DER on a distribution system
• Team Proposal
• Conclusion
• Questions

DER Background: What is DER?

• Distributed energy resources (DER) are power sources that can provide

power necessary to meet regular demand.

• As the electricity grid continues to modernize, DER such as storage and

advanced renewable technologies can help facilitate the transition to a smarter grid.

DER Background: Why are renewables important ??

• faster, less expensive option to the construction of large, central power

plants and high-voltage transmission lines.

• They offer consumers:

○ the potential for lower cost ○ higher service reliability ○ high power quality ○ increased energy efficiency ○ energy independence Environmental Benefits

DER Background: Types of Distributed Energy Resources

• Solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV)
• Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
• Cogeneration Systems
• Microgrids
• Wind-Turbines/Microturbines
• Fuel Cells
• Hybrid Power Systems (solar hybrid and wind hybrid systems)
• Stirling Engines

DER Background: Types of Distributed Energy Resources Microgrid Wind-Turbines & Microturbines Cogeneration Systems & CHP Solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV)

Why transition to Solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV) ?

• The U.S. solar energy industry now employs ~175,000 people (more than the

coal or steel industry).

• The U.S. solar energy industry has been the fastest-growing industry in the U.S.

in recent years. (It has been creating jobs 10 times faster than the U.S. economy as a whole).

• Over 5,000 businesses (mostly small businesses) support the solar industry in

the U.S., creating jobs for Americans in every state.

• 9 out of 10 Americans think we should be developing and using more solar

power.

• Commercial Residential

Why transition to Solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV) ?

Effects of PV integration

• Overloaded system

○ Due to generation at the tail end of a circuit where the construction is less robust ■ Voltage issues ■ Protection issues

• Islanding

○ During outage scenarios PV systems may result in an island effect which has the potential to cause temporary voltage spikes.

• Changes and upgrades to the system to counteract these effects are necessary but can be

extremely expensive. ○ This is especially true if these upgrades are based on the nameplate rating of the PV systems. ■ Typically much higher than the actual output.

Team Proposal: Objective

Develop a capacity factor prediction tool

Capacity Factor = Predicted PV System Output for a given time Nameplate Rating of PV System Output for given time

Team Proposal

Develop a capacity factor prediction tool

Algorithm based on Big Data Analytics Input Specific Parameters Capacity Factor

Team Proposal : Specifics

• Will be specific for the United Illuminating territory.
• Based on big data analytics from existing residential PV Systems
• Will incorporate several different essential variables

Team Proposal : UI Territory

• Will be specific for the United Illuminating territory.
• Southwest area of Connecticut
• Territory covers from 17 Cities/Towns
• 9 of which are along the shore

Team Proposal : Data

• Based on data from existing residential PV Systems
• Will perform Big Data Analytics
• Data will be provided by 3rd party
• Data will be from existing

residential customers

• Will decide on geographical

areas within UI territory of which best to obtain data

• Number of sites of which to

analyze data will be decided with help from an expert in stats.

• Required to have 92% - 95%

confidence in prediction tool.

Team Proposal : Variables

• Will incorporporate several different variables deemed essential for an

accurate prediction tool

• Irradiance
• Tilt angle
• Azimuth angle
• Manufacturer of PV System
• Time/ Season
• Specifics of PV System (Size, quantity, etc…)

• Irradiance

Team Proposal : Variables : Irradiance

• Measure of power per unit area in the form of

electromagnetic radiation from Solar Energy. (W/m^2)

• Will also consider “Insolation,” which is the irradiance over

a given period of time. (kWh/m^2)

• Solar energy is greatest when the Earth’s surface is
• rthogonal to the Sun.
• Varies with time, weather, season, etc…
• Solar irradiance data can easily be obtained from weather

and/or government sources.

• Tilt

Team Proposal : Variables : Tilt

• To use the irradiance data accurately we must

take into account the Tilt of the PV panels in relation to horizontal.

• Low tilt angles are preferred in Summer

months

• Higher tilt angles are preferred in Winter

months

• For residential installations this is typically

decided by the pitch of the roof due to cheaper installation costs. Run Rise Angle = tan-1(Rise/Run)

• Azimuth

Team Proposal : Variables : Azimuth

• The Azimuth angle takes into account the

direction the Panels are facing in relation to true North.

• Direction of Panels affects the irradiance.
• For areas in the Northern Hemisphere

southerly facing panels are preferred. Direction Angle(Deg.) N NE 45 E 90 SE 135 S 180 SW 225 W 270 NW 315

Team Proposal : Variables : Manufacturer of Inverter/Panels

• Manufacturer of Inverters/Panels
• Will focus on how much the Capacity factor differ between manufacturers
• Specifically their module type

○

• Ex. Thin Film, Polycrystalline, Monocrystalline

Team Proposal : Variables : Effects of Time/Season on the DER

• Effects of Time/Season
• Seasons are caused by the 23.5 degree tilt of the earth’s axis of

rotation.

• Tilting in regards to the northern hemisphere results in longer days

between the spring and fall equinox.

• The rotation of the Earth is responsible for hourly variations in

sunlight.

• Greatest amount of solar energy reaches a solar collector around

solar noon.

Scope of Work (Fall 2016)

Phase 1:

• Send project proposal/ revised scope to sponsor within 2

weeks.

• Setup and continuously update team webpage
• Research topics
• Figure out metrics/parameters needed for analysis
• Figure out how many sites per area will be needed for

accurate statistical data

• Figure out how many sites are manageable
• Decide various areas and how many sites/area to analyze
• Contact Greenbank
• Obtain needed data.
• Begin to organize data and decipher what will be useful

Phase 2:

• Analyze data
• Develop capacity factors with given data
• Decipher how different variables affect the capacity factors
• Figure out how to obtain and integrate irradiance data.
• Begin final report

Scope of Work (Spring 2016)

Phase 3:

• Take care of any remaining issues or concerns from phase

1 and 2

• Transfer our data into MATLAB
• Decide what advanced techniques will best represent our

data

• Figure out how to incorporate different variables into

capacity factor

• Develop tool for capacity factor predicting
• Test and refine tool
• Add to final report

Phase 4:

• Perform advanced data analytics with MATLAB
• Prepare for Demo Day
• Finalize final report
• Take into account the economical impact of DER (Time Permitting)

References

1. https://cleantechnica.com/solar-power/ 2. http://www.ipsi.net/commercial-power/cogeneration-systems 3. http://www.decodingsustainability.com/blog/2016/2/28/does-combined-heat-and-power-fit-into-the-future-low-carbon-world 4. https://www.civicsolar.com/support/installer/articles/microgrid-regulatory-policy-us 5. https://www.emaze.com/@AQWLRIT/Wind-Turbine 6. http://www.spheralsolar.com/ 7. http://www.nyiso.com/public/webdocs/media_room/publications_presentations/Other_Reports/Other_Reports/A_Review_of_Distributed_Energ y_Resources_September_2014.pdf 8. http://pvwatts.nrel.gov/index.php 9 https://maps.nrel.gov/nsrdb-viewer/#/?aL=8VWYIh%255Bv%255D%3Dt&bL=groad&cE=0&lR=0&mC=29.305561325527698%2C-84.63867 10. http://gizmodo.com/rooftop-solar-panels-are-almost-all-facing-the-wrong-di-1644518413 11. http://costofsolar.com/best-direction-to-face-solar-panels-south-or-west/ 12. http://energy.gov/eere/energybasics/articles/solar-radiation-basics 13. http://brightstarsolar.net/2014/02/common-sizes-of-solar-panels/ 14. http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_causes_the_seasons.htm 15. http://news.energysage.com/best-solar-panel-manufacturers-usa/