Teaching Energy Efficiency Context, Concepts and Challenges S.K. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY CONFERENCE 18-20 September 2012 Teaching Energy Efficiency Context, Concepts and Challenges S.K. Chou Dept of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Studies Institute National University of Singapore Outline
18-20 September 2012
S.K. Chou Dept of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Studies Institute National University of Singapore
Context – Why teach energy efficiency? Concepts – What’s involved and what
Challenges – Are we not there yet? Policy,
Grand challenges to Singapore’s energy system
Energy security
Reliability of energy supply Affordability of energy resources
Climate change
Decarbonizing the energy system Integrating new and renewable energy technologies
Balancing the supply and demand
Demand side and supply side management Optimization within the energy system
Supply Side
CCS fossil-fuel power generation
Nuclear power plants
Onshore and offshore wind
Biomass IGCC & co-combustion
Photovoltaic systems
Concentrating solar power
Coal: integrated-gasification combined cycle
Coal: ultra-supercritical
2nd generation biofuels
Liquid Natural Gas Demand Side
Energy efficiency in buildings and appliances
Heat pumps
Solar space and water heating
Energy efficiency in transport
Electric and plug-in vehicles
H2 fuel cell vehicles
CCS industry, H2 and fuel transformation
Industrial motor systems
Energy Procedia 1 (2009) 4297–4306 -Elsevier
Supply Side
Alternative and clean energy sources Efficient use of conventional energy sources Energy storage systems Efficient energy distribution systems
Demand Side
Energy efficiency across sectors Price signals Standards and energy labeling Energy efficient transport systems Education
Build the Energy Industry and Invest in Energy R&D
Source: MTI
Singapore’s energy industry is centered on oil refining and trading, with spin-offs into the chemicals, oil-field equipment manufacturing, shipping and logistics industries
Build the Energy Industry and Invest in Energy R&D
Singapore seeks to develop a comprehensive energy industry sector given that energy is a key sector of its economy (contributing around 4.5% to the GDP in 2006)
Aim: To increase the value added from Singapore’s energy industry from $20 billion to $34 billion by 2015, and to triple the employment in this sector from 5,700 to 15,300
Source: MTI
Energy efficiency as a key strategy to achieving energy policy objectives (energy intensity is the efficiency metric).
Singapore’s energy intensity improved by 15% between 1990 and 2005 due to the adoption of better technology in power generation and the more productive use of energy in other sectors.
Energy Savings Target: Reduce energy intensity from 2005 level by 20% by 2020 and by 35% by 2030
Source: E2 Singapore
The government posits that
Energy efficiency is a cost-effective means of mitigating GHG emissions and improving the competiveness of Singapore’s Industries.
Although energy efficiency makes financial sense, energy efficiency measures may not be implemented due to market barriers such as the lack of information and capability.
To drive energy efficiency improvement in Singapore, the Energy Efficiency Programme Office (E2PO), a multi-agency committee led by NEA has been established.
NEA: National Environmental Agency; EMA: Energy Market Authority; EDB: Economic Development Board, BCA: Building and Construction Authority; LTA: Land Transport Authority
The E2PO identified the following areas for action in developing a holistic energy efficiency strategy and master plan for Singapore:
Promoting the adoption of energy efficient technologies
and measures by addressing the market barriers to energy efficiency
Building capability to drive and sustain energy efficiency
efforts and to develop the local knowledge base and expertise in energy management
Raising awareness to reach out to the public and
businesses so as to stimulate energy efficient behaviour and practices
Supporting
research & development to enhance Singapore’s capability in energy efficient technologies
A sectoral approach targeted at each of the five sectors, namely, power generation, industry, transport, buildings and households.
Source: E2 Singapore
Implemented a competitive electricity market that incentivises efficient power generation
From 2000 to 2006, the
electricity generated by natural gas has increased from 19% to 78%.
Overall
power generation efficiency has improved from 38% in 2000 to 44% in 2007. Source: EMA
Promote co-generation and tri- generation
A
combined demand for electricity and heating must be present
Co-generation and tri-generation
facilities would have to be sited in close proximity to industries in need of the utilities.
The government is set to integrate such facilities into the on-going and future industrial planning. Source: E2 Singapore
Energy Efficiency Improvement Assistance Scheme (EASe)
An energy appraisal can identify degraded plant components
that contribute to overall efficiency losses and enable a company to take the necessary corrective actions.
EASe was set up to encourage and help companies, which may
not have the in-house energy management expertise, to engage energy consultants to conduct energy appraisals
Under EASe, NEA co-funds up to 50% of the cost of energy
appraisals for buildings and industrial facilities. Each dollar spent on an energy appraisal uncovers about $5-10 annual savings in energy costs
Grant for Energy Efficient Technologies (GREET)
S$22.8 million (from 2011-2013) has been pledged This is in addition to the S$22 million that has already been
dibusbursed since 2008
Energy Service Company (ESCO) Accreditation Scheme
The objective is to enhance the professionalism and quality of services
sector and help promote the growth of the industry.
Design for Efficiency Scheme
E2PO has introduced a Design for Efficiency Scheme to help companies
incorporate efficiency considerations early in the conceptual design phase of a new facility.
Investment Allowance (IA) Scheme
To encourage companies to invest in energy efficient equipment, EDB
administers an Investment Allowance (IA) Scheme that is a capital allowance on qualifying equipment cost that allows a deduction against all chargeable income.
In 2010, the public transport
modal share stood at 63% during morning peak hours.
Intends
to increase the public transport modal share to over 70% in the next 10-15 years.
Source: LTA
The Fuel Economy Label
Fuel economy labels are affixed to vehicles at the point of sale to provide information
The Green Vehicle Rebate
To further promote the purchase of cleaner and more energy efficient vehicles such as hybrid cars, the Green Vehicle Rebate was enhanced in 2006 from 20% to 40% of the Open Market Value.
Easing traffic congestion for better fuel
economy
LTA will continue to manage road congestion through infrastructure development and refinement
car
such as the Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system.
Green Mark Buildings*
The Green Mark scheme is a green building rating system launched by BCA in 2005 to evaluate a building for its environmental impact and performance.
Buildings are awarded Certified, Gold, GoldPLUS or Platinum rating depending
including energy efficiency.
New and retrofitted buildings with a gross floor area (GFA) above 5000m2 that has achieved “Gold” Green Mark and above will be awarded cash incentives based on GFA and the Green Mark rating achieved.
*Since 2008, all buildings with a gross floor area > 2000 sq. feet must meet the Green Mark Standards
Source: BCA
Energy appraisals are also utilized in the
buildings sector to identify potential improvements in energy efficiency and to plan appropriate measures to improve energy performance.
SingPost carried out an energy appraisal
funded through the EASe scheme. The air-conditioning system was retrofitted and optimized to achieve a coefficient of performance of 5.9.
While the project cost $2m to implement,
the expected annual saving in energy cost is $1.2m.
Source: BCA
SingPost Center
The EnergySmart label
In 2005, NEA and the Energy Sustainability
Unit (ESU) of the National University of Singapore launched the EnergySmart Labeling Scheme for offices to recognize energy efficient office buildings in Singapore.
Buildings that perform in the top 25% in
terms of energy efficiency and meet good indoor air quality standards are eligible for the EnergySmart Building Label.
This scheme was extended to include hotels
in 2007.
Source: BCA
Households account for close to a fifth of the electricity consumed in Singapore.
In the typical household, refrigeration and air conditioning account for the lion’s share of electricity consumption.
Energy efficiency in the households sector can be improved by encouraging consumers to purchase energy efficient appliances and to adopt energy efficient habits.
Energy labels are affixed to appliances at
the point of sale to describe its energy performance.
Since 2008, all household refrigerators
and air-conditioners that are supplied in Singapore are energy labeled.
E2PO will evaluate the introduction of
minimum energy performance standards for energy intensive household appliances.
Electricity Vending System
EMA is studying the feasibility
electricity to small consumers, including households, more efficiently.
The scheme integrates smart metering technologies and the existing e-Payment infrastructure.
If it is found feasible, the system will also enable consumers to monitor their electricity consumption and allow consumers to reduce their electricity bill through prudent use of electricity. Stand-by Power – The Preventable Waste
Appliances on standby can account for up to 10% of typical household electricity consumption.
E2PO will step up efforts to inform and encourage households to completely turn off appliances that are not in use.
E2PO has introduced a national campaign, the 10% Energy Challenge, which shares tips on how to save energy and money.
In support of Singapore’s energy diversification and environmental sustainability efforts
A*STAR established an Energy Technology R&D Program, and set up the Singapore Initiative on New Energy Technologies (SINERGY) Centre to develop alternative energy technologies and intelligent grid management systems for distributed generation (microgrids, power dispatch)
The National Research Foundation (NRF) set aside S$170 million for R&D in clean energy (Clean Energy Program)
EMA set up a $5 million Market Development Fund which will help to pay market charges for the test-bedding of new power generation technologies
EDB launched a S$17 million Clean Energy Research and Test- bedding Program to test-bed solar photovoltaic (PV) and other new technologies
In industry, Rolls-Royce embarked on a $10 million 3-year joint research program with A*STAR and ceramics supplier, Advanced Materials Technologies, to develop automated fuel cell manufacturing technology.
Teaching Energy Efficiency – Overcoming Challenges
Must convey the right message about how energy efficiency contributes to economic prosperity, focusing
mitigation.
Must shift the emphasis of scaling up energy efficiency from developing technologies to delivering energy savings.
Understanding both regulatory policies and financial incentives are required to promote energy efficiency market transformation; appropriate emphasis and balance between the two will vary with context and circumstances.
Understanding carbon finance as a major financial incentive to help scale up energy efficiency markets.
Increased support for the research and development (R&D) of energy technologies that face technical challenges and need to reduce costs before they become commercially viable.
Demonstration programmes for energy technologies that need to prove they can work on a commercial scale under relevant operating conditions.
Deployment programmes for energy technologies that are not yet cost- competitive, but whose costs could be reduced through learning-by-doing.
CO2 reduction incentives to encourage the adoption of low-carbon
incentives, tax breaks, voluntary programs, subsidies or trading schemes.
Policy instruments to overcome other commercialization barriers that are not primarily economic. These include: enabling standards and other regulations, labeling schemes, information campaigns and energy auditing. These measures can play an important role in increasing the uptake of energy-efficient technologies in the building and transport sectors, as well as in non-energy intensive industry sectors where energy costs are low compared to other production costs.
Consider this question from the perspectives of different disciplines, including engineering, economics, sociology, business,
be lowered through technological, economic, and behavioral measures;
(compared to supply);
increasing efficiency, reducing standby;
What literature and materials define the efficiency field? Textbooks, articles, reports Desert island reading list Software: building energy simulation, life cycle analysis Demonstrations Field trips Student metering projects Should a course include a laboratory or practicum? What do
students
Learn in the lab section? What are key elements of a curriculum?
In this course, we seek to answer the following questions:
What governs heat transmission and generation within the thermal environment?
How are energy transfers and interactions accounted for?
What are the main systems and plants needed to maintain the design comfort level within the environment?
How do systems and plant operations impact energy consumption?
What governs energy efficiency?
How to design for energy efficiency? Proceeding with the end in mind: To have an energy efficient thermal environment or building by design and operation
Understand the driving forces that create load.
Learn how to deal with cooling load to maintain thermal comfort.
Designing the system and operation.
Learn how operation of systems and plants impacts energy.
Learn the alternatives to energy savings.
Be aware of appropriate analytical methods and available engineering tools
Codes like DOE2, BEST, DEE/BSM Project work – FYPs Field trips Use of adjuncts Text books Campus audit exercise
Energy Conversion Processes and Power Plants Thermal Environmental Engineering and Energy
Industrial Heat Transfer Energy and Thermal Systems Analysis Internal Combustion Engines Solar Energy Systems Photovoltaic Devices & Systems Transport Phenomena in Energy Systems
Industrial Control Systems Control Systems Design And Simulation Devices for Electric Energy Generation Power System Management & Protection Electric Drives and Control Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems Sustainable Energy Systems
On the study of a composite desiccant system for dehumidification
Designing energy-efficient buildings
Modelling for energy efficiency and weatherproofing of sustainable cities
New materials and envelope systems for improved energy efficiency of buildings
Simulation of the Performance of an Air-conditioning System
Technical and Economic Consideration of Large-Scale Solar PV Applications in Singapore
Design and Fabrication of A Thermoelectric Device to Harvest Solar Energy
Exploring the Use of Aerogels as Thermal Insulators
Design and Application of a commercializable control system on a liquid cooling system for electric vehicle battery packs.
Development of blend fuel and its impact on the performance of diesel engine
Impact of supplemental gas injection on the performance of diesel engine
Energy efficient cooling of large spaces
Energy professional equipped and qualified to perform technical and managerial functions in the areas of
Energy audits, management and measurements Energy retrofitting services Financial advisor for energy efficiency measures and
contracting
Consultation and Procurement services Facility and energy management Energy engineering works
As of 31 May 2012, total grants approved are 801, total grant holders completed SCEM training are 289, non-grant holders completed SCEM training are 17, total SCEM registered are 207.
Energy Recovery and Reuse Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV)
systems
Energy Measurement and Analysis Energy Management and Economics Motor Driven Systems Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems Clean Rooms / Laboratories Energy Efficiency in Info-Communications Technology
Sector
Integrated Design for Energy Efficiency Steam and Compressed Air Systems
INTEGRATION
Energy efficient buildings and homes Energy efficient transportation Energy efficient industrial systems and
Green/ alternative energy and Portable
Energy efficiency potential study