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t tr ss t t t t tr ss t t t t r

slide-1
SLIDE 1

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s

■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ❘❡❧❛t❡❞ ▼❡t❤♦❞s✿ ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ❊❧✐s❛❜❡t❤ ▼♦r❛♥❞✲❇é♥é❞✐❝t❡ ●❛r♥✐❡r✲❈❛t❤❡r✐♥❡ ❇♦♥✈❛❧❡t

■♥st✐t✉t ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✬❊t✉❞❡s ❉é♠♦❣r❛♣❤✐q✉❡s ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ▼ét❤♦❞❡s ❙t❛t✐st✐q✉❡s

Rennes֒ February ֒ 

✶ ✴ ✸✺

slide-2
SLIDE 2

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆

✷ ✴ ✸✺

slide-3
SLIDE 3

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s

▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

P❧❛♥ ✿ ✶ ✲ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆

✸ ✴ ✸✺

slide-4
SLIDE 4

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s

▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

■♥st✐t✉t ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✬❊t✉❞❡s ❉é♠♦❣r❛♣❤✐q✉❡s

P♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P❛r✐s ✭❈❛t❤❡r✐♥❡ ❇♦♥✈❛❧❡t✱✶✾✽✻✮ ❘❡tr♦s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ s✉r✈❡② ❘❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❤✐st♦r② ♦❢ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥

✹ ✴ ✸✺

slide-5
SLIDE 5

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s

▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❇✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❘❡tr♦s♣❡❝t✐✈❡

◮ ✶ ✾✽✼ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛❣❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✺✵ ❛♥❞ ✺✾ ✭❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥

✶✾✷✻✲✶✾✸✺✮ ❧✐✈✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ P❛r✐s ❘❡❣✐♦♥

◮ ❙♦❝✐♦❞❡♠♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛t

t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r✈❡② ✭✶✾✽✻✮

◮ ❊❛❝❤ ✐♥❤❛❜✐t❛♥t ✐s ❛s❦❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❞✇❡❧❧✐♥❣s ❤❡ ❤❛s

❧✐✈❡❞ ❢♦r ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✭♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❛ ②❡❛r✮ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ s✉r✈❡②

✺ ✴ ✸✺

slide-6
SLIDE 6

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s

▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

  • ❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❧✐❢❡ ❝♦✉rs❡s ✐♥ ❚❤❡ P❛r✐s ❘❡❣✐♦♥ ✭■❧❡

❞❡ ❋r❛♥❝❡✮

✹ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ✿ P❛r✐s ✭P❆✮ ✲ ■♥♥❡r ❙✉❜✉r❜ ✭■❙✮ ✲ ❖✉t❡r ❙✉❜✉r❜ ✭❖❙✮ ✲ ❖✉ts✐❞❡ ■❧❡ ❞❡ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ✭❖■❉❋✮

92 75 93 94 91 77 95 78

Ile de France

75 : Paris 92, 93, 94 : Inner Suburb 77, 78, 91, 95 : Outer Suburb ✻ ✴ ✸✺

slide-7
SLIDE 7

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s

▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❘❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❧✐❢❡ ❝♦✉rs❡s

✹ t❡♥✉r❡ st❛t✉s❡s

◮ ❚❡♥❛♥t ✭❚✮ ◮ ▲✐✈✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧ ❤♦✉s❡ ♦r ✶✾✹✽ ❍♦✉s✐♥❣ ▲❛✇ ✭❈▲✮ ◮ ❖✇♥❡r ✭❖✇✮ ◮ ❖t❤❡r ✭❖t✮

✼ ✴ ✸✺

slide-8
SLIDE 8

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s

▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

P❧❛♥ ✿ ✶ ✲ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆

✽ ✴ ✸✺

slide-9
SLIDE 9

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s

▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❆✐♠s

✶ ✾✽✼ r❡s✐❞❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ✼✼✵✶ ❞✇❡❧❧✐♥❣s ✿ t❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❧❧♦✇ ✉s t♦ r❡❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ t❤❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ♦❢ P❛r✐s ❘❡❣✐♦♥ ✐♥❤❛❜✐t❛♥ts ❚❤❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r② ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡♥✉r❡ st❛t✉s❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛ t✐♠❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ s✉r✈❡② ❙♦ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✿ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ♦❜s❡r✈❡ ❧✐♥❦s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s

✾ ✴ ✸✺

slide-10
SLIDE 10

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s

▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❆✐♠s

✶ ✾✽✼ r❡s✐❞❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ✼✼✵✶ ❞✇❡❧❧✐♥❣s ✿ t❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❧❧♦✇ ✉s t♦ r❡❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ t❤❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ♦❢ P❛r✐s ❘❡❣✐♦♥ ✐♥❤❛❜✐t❛♥ts ❚❤❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r② ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡♥✉r❡ st❛t✉s❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛ t✐♠❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ s✉r✈❡② ❙♦ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✿ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ♦❜s❡r✈❡ ❧✐♥❦s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s

✾ ✴ ✸✺

slide-11
SLIDE 11

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s

▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❆✐♠s

✶ ✾✽✼ r❡s✐❞❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ✼✼✵✶ ❞✇❡❧❧✐♥❣s ✿ t❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❧❧♦✇ ✉s t♦ r❡❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ t❤❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ♦❢ P❛r✐s ❘❡❣✐♦♥ ✐♥❤❛❜✐t❛♥ts ❚❤❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r② ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡♥✉r❡ st❛t✉s❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛ t✐♠❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ s✉r✈❡② ❙♦ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✿

◮ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ◮ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ ❧✐♥❦s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧

tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s

✾ ✴ ✸✺

slide-12
SLIDE 12

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s

▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❆✐♠s

✶ ✾✽✼ r❡s✐❞❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ✼✼✵✶ ❞✇❡❧❧✐♥❣s ✿ t❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❧❧♦✇ ✉s t♦ r❡❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ t❤❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ♦❢ P❛r✐s ❘❡❣✐♦♥ ✐♥❤❛❜✐t❛♥ts ❚❤❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r② ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡♥✉r❡ st❛t✉s❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛ t✐♠❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ s✉r✈❡② ❙♦ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✿

◮ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ◮ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ ❧✐♥❦s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧

tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ✐s t♦ ❣r♦✉♣ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✐♥❤❛❜✐t❛♥ts ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡✐r r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s t❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❡❛❝❤ s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐t②

✾ ✴ ✸✺

slide-13
SLIDE 13

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆

❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s

▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❆✐♠s

✶ ✾✽✼ r❡s✐❞❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ✼✼✵✶ ❞✇❡❧❧✐♥❣s ✿ t❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❧❧♦✇ ✉s t♦ r❡❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ t❤❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ♦❢ P❛r✐s ❘❡❣✐♦♥ ✐♥❤❛❜✐t❛♥ts ❚❤❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r② ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡♥✉r❡ st❛t✉s❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛ t✐♠❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ s✉r✈❡② ❙♦ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✿

◮ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ◮ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ ❧✐♥❦s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧

tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ✐s t♦ ❣r♦✉♣ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✐♥❤❛❜✐t❛♥ts ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡✐r r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s t❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❡❛❝❤ s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐t②

✾ ✴ ✸✺

slide-14
SLIDE 14

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

P❧❛♥ ✿ ✷ ✲ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆

✶✵ ✴ ✸✺

slide-15
SLIDE 15

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮

◮ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢r♦♠ ❉❡✈✐❧❧❡

✭✶✾✼✹✮ ❉❡✈✐❧❧❡ ✭✶✾✼✼✮ ❙❛♣♦rt❛ ✭✶✾✽✶✮

◮ ❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ✐s t♦ st✉❞② ❡✈❡♥t✲❤✐st♦r② ❞❛t❛ ✐✳❡ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤

✐♥❞✐✈✐❞❛❧ t❤❡ ❝❤r♦♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ s✉❝❝❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ st❛t✉s❡s ❤❡ ❤❛s ❧✐✈❡❞✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ t❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡♥✉r❡ st❛t✉s ✿ ♦✇♥❡r✱ t❡♥❛♥t✱ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❤♦✉s✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ❚❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❛ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ❛s ♥ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❳❥ ✐♥ t✐♠❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❛♥❞ ✜♥✐s❤❡❞ ♥✉♠❜❡rs ♦❢ st❛t✉s❡s ✭♠✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❛♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ r❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t ✇❡ ❛r❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r② ✐♥ ❛♥ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❝❛❧ ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ s✉♠ ❲❡ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s t❤❛t ❡❛❝❤ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✐s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❙ ❚ ✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ✐s ❝✉t ✐♥ ♣ s✉❜✲♣❡r✐♦❞ t❦

✶ t❦ ✭t✵

❚✶ ❡t t♣ ❚✷✮

✶✶ ✴ ✸✺

slide-16
SLIDE 16

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮

◮ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢r♦♠ ❉❡✈✐❧❧❡

✭✶✾✼✹✮ ❉❡✈✐❧❧❡ ✭✶✾✼✼✮ ❙❛♣♦rt❛ ✭✶✾✽✶✮

◮ ❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ✐s t♦ st✉❞② ❡✈❡♥t✲❤✐st♦r② ❞❛t❛ ✐✳❡ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤

✐♥❞✐✈✐❞❛❧ t❤❡ ❝❤r♦♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ s✉❝❝❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ st❛t✉s❡s ❤❡ ❤❛s ❧✐✈❡❞✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ t❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡♥✉r❡ st❛t✉s ✿ ♦✇♥❡r✱ t❡♥❛♥t✱ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❤♦✉s✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r

◮ ❚❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❛ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ❛s ♥ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡

♣r♦❝❡ss ❳❥ ✐♥ t✐♠❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❛♥❞ ✜♥✐s❤❡❞ ♥✉♠❜❡rs ♦❢ st❛t✉s❡s ✭♠✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❛♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ r❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t ✇❡ ❛r❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r② ✐♥ ❛♥ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❝❛❧ ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ s✉♠ ❲❡ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s t❤❛t ❡❛❝❤ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✐s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❙ ❚ ✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ✐s ❝✉t ✐♥ ♣ s✉❜✲♣❡r✐♦❞ t❦

✶ t❦ ✭t✵

❚✶ ❡t t♣ ❚✷✮

✶✶ ✴ ✸✺

slide-17
SLIDE 17

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮

◮ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢r♦♠ ❉❡✈✐❧❧❡

✭✶✾✼✹✮ ❉❡✈✐❧❧❡ ✭✶✾✼✼✮ ❙❛♣♦rt❛ ✭✶✾✽✶✮

◮ ❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ✐s t♦ st✉❞② ❡✈❡♥t✲❤✐st♦r② ❞❛t❛ ✐✳❡ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤

✐♥❞✐✈✐❞❛❧ t❤❡ ❝❤r♦♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ s✉❝❝❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ st❛t✉s❡s ❤❡ ❤❛s ❧✐✈❡❞✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ t❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡♥✉r❡ st❛t✉s ✿ ♦✇♥❡r✱ t❡♥❛♥t✱ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❤♦✉s✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r

◮ ❚❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❛ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ❛s ♥ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡

♣r♦❝❡ss ❳❥ ✐♥ t✐♠❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❛♥❞ ✜♥✐s❤❡❞ ♥✉♠❜❡rs ♦❢ st❛t✉s❡s ✭♠✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❛♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ r❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t ✇❡ ❛r❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r② ✐♥ ❛♥ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❝❛❧ ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ s✉♠

◮ ❲❡ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s t❤❛t ❡❛❝❤ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✐s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞

♦♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ [❙, ❚]✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ✐s ❝✉t ✐♥ ♣ s✉❜✲♣❡r✐♦❞ [t❦−✶; t❦[ ✭t✵ = ❚✶ ❡t t♣ = ❚✷✮

✶✶ ✴ ✸✺

slide-18
SLIDE 18

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ♠❛tr✐①

❆ ❣♦♦❞ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❝♦♥s✐sts ✐♥ ♣❡r❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦♥ ❛ t❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡❞ ❜② ②✐❥❦✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦♣♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✐ s♣❡♥t ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ st❛t❡ ❥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ t✐♠❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ❆ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ♦♥ t❤✐s ❞❛t❛ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ♠❛tr✐① [t✵; t✶[ = [❙; t✶] ✳ ✳ ✳ [t♣−✶; t♣] = [t♣−✶; ❚]

st❛t✉s✶ st❛t✉s❥ st❛t✉s♠

✳ ✳ ✳

st❛t✉s✶ st❛t✉s❥ st❛t✉s♠

✵✳✽ ✵✳✷ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ②✐❥❦ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✷ ✴ ✸✺

slide-19
SLIDE 19

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

P❧❛♥ ✿ ✷ ✲ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆

✶✸ ✴ ✸✺

slide-20
SLIDE 20

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s

Contingency table

1 fi. fij fj..

❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ♥♦♥ s❝❛❧❡❞ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭P❈❆✮ ♦♥ t❤❡ t❛❜❧❡ ❳ ✇✐t❤ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ t❡r♠ ①✐❥ = ❢✐❥ ❢✐.

  • ❢.❥

❛♥❞ t❤❡ r♦✇ ✇❡✐❣❤t ❡q✉❛❧ t♦ ❢✐. ❙♦ ✐♥ ♦✉r ❝❛s❡✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ♠❛tr✐① ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛❧❧ r♦✇s ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇❡✐❣❤t ✿❢✐. = ♣/♥

✶✹ ✴ ✸✺

slide-21
SLIDE 21

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

✷ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s

residential trajectories (changes in tenure status during life) geographical trajectories (location: Paris, inner suburb,

  • uter suburbs)

QHA residential QHA geographical

❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✷ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❜✉t ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✭❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ✐♥❤❛❜✐t❛♥ts✮ ❛r❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ❞❛t❛ s❡t ✷ ◗❍❆ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❂ ✷ P❈❆ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠

✶✺ ✴ ✸✺

slide-22
SLIDE 22

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

P❧❛♥ ✿ ✷ ✲ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆

✶✻ ✴ ✸✺

slide-23
SLIDE 23

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✿ ▼❋❆

◮ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭▼❋❆ ❀ ❊s❝♦✜❡r ✫ P❛❣ès

✶✾✽✽✲✶✾✾✽ ✮ ❞❡❛❧s ✇✐t❤ t❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s ✐s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❜② ✷ ♦r ♠♦r❡ s❡ts ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s

◮ ❚❤❡ ❝♦r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❋❆ ❝♦♥s✐sts ✐♥ ♣❡r❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ❛ ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞

Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭P❈❆✮ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❞❛t❛ t❛❜❧❡ ❳❂✭❳✶, ❳✷✮

◮ ❊❛❝❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ❥ ✭❥❂✶✱✷✮ ✐s ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ❜② λ✶❥

✭t❤❡ ✜rst ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ P❈❆ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ s❡t ❥✮ ❚❤❡ ✇❡✐❣❤t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛s ♠❛❞❡ ✐♥ ▼❋❆ ❛❧❧♦✇s t♦ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ t❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❣r♦✉♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s

✶✼ ✴ ✸✺

slide-24
SLIDE 24

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

P❧❛♥ ✿ ✷ ✲ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆

✶✽ ✴ ✸✺

slide-25
SLIDE 25

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② ❛♥ ❆s❝❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❍✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞❛❧s ❜② s❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❢❛❝t♦rs ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ✐♥❡rt✐❛

✶✾ ✴ ✸✺

slide-26
SLIDE 26

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙

❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

P❧❛♥ ✿ ✸ ✲ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙

■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆

✷✵ ✴ ✸✺

slide-27
SLIDE 27

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙

❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ✭✶✮

❚❤❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ P❛r✐s ❘❡❣✐♦♥ q✉❡st✐♦♥❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r✈❡② ❛r❡ ❛❣❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✺✵ ❛♥❞ ✻✵✳ ❲❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❡❛❝❤ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s t♦ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❧❡♥❣t❤✱ s♦ ✇❡ t♦♦❦ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✷✺ ❛♥❞ ✺✵ ②❡❛rs ❚♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥t ❤✐st♦r② ❞❛t❛ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✷✺②♦ ❛♥❞ ✺✵②♦ ✐♥t♦ ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧s

✷✶ ✴ ✸✺

slide-28
SLIDE 28

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙

❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ✭✷✮

❆ str❛t❡❣✐❝ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ✐s t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡♠

❙✉❜✲♣❡r✐♦❞

❍❡r❡ ✶✵ ❣r♦✉♣s ♦❢ ❛❣❡✐♥❣ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ ✿ ✷✺✲✷✻ ②♦✱ ✷✼ ②♦✱ ✷✽ ②♦✱ ✷✾②♦✱ ✸✵✲✸✶ ②♦ ✱ ✸✷✲✸✸ ②♦✱ ✸✹✲✸✺ ②♦✱ ✸✻✲✸✾ ②♦✱ ✹✵✲✹✹②♦✱ ✹✺✲✺✵ ②♦ ♥✉♠❡r♦✉s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧s ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♣❡r✐♦❞ t♦ ♣❡r❝❡✐✈❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❡♥✉r❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❀ ❧❡ss ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r② ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ ❧❡ss ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s

✷✷ ✴ ✸✺

slide-29
SLIDE 29

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙

❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✿ ✷ t❛❜❧❡s

id PA.25.26 IS.25.26 OS.25.26 OIdF.25.26 PA.27 IS.27 OS.27 OIdF.27 PA.28.29 IS.28.29 OS.28.29 OIdF.28.29 … 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 14 1 1 1 … id Ow.25.26 CL.25.26 Te.25.26 Ot.25.26 Ow.27 CL.27 Te.27 Ot.27 Ow.28.29 CL.28.29 Te.28.29 Ot.28.29 … 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 0.5 0.5 12 1 1 1 14 1 1 1 …

Geographical trajectories Residential trajectories

✷✸ ✴ ✸✺

slide-30
SLIDE 30

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙

❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

P❧❛♥ ✿ ✸ ✲ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙

■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆

✷✹ ✴ ✸✺

slide-31
SLIDE 31

❚♦ ❜❡ ♦✉t s✉❜✉r❜ ♦r ♥♦t

  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

first map

Dim 1 (14.67%) Dim 2 (12.91%)

  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

first map

Dim 1 (14.67%) Dim 2 (12.91%) PA.25-26 OS.25-26 OIdF.25-26 OS.41-45 OIdF.41-45 PA.46-50 OS.46-50 OIdF.46-50 Ow.25-26 CL.25-26 Ot.25-26 CL.41-45 Te.41-45 Ot.41-45 CL.46-50 Te.46-50 Ot.46-50

slide-32
SLIDE 32

❚♦ ❜❡ ♦✉t s✉❜✉r❜ ♦r ♥♦t

  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

first map

Dim 1 (14.67%) Dim 2 (12.91%)

  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

first map

Dim 1 (14.67%) Dim 2 (12.91%) PA.25-26 OS.25-26 OIdF.25-26 OS.41-45

OIdF.41-45

PA.46-50 OS.46-50

OIdF.46-50

Ow.25-26 CL.25-26 Ot.25-26 CL.41-45 Te.41-45 Ot.41-45 CL.46-50 Te.46-50 Ot.46-50

CL25-26 CL.46-50 OS 25-26 OS 46-50

❚✐♠❡ ✐s s✉❝❤ ❛ str♦♥❣ st✉❝t✉r❡ t❤❛t ✐t ✐s ✉♥❞❡r❧✐♥❡ ❜② t❤❡ ✜rts ❛①❡s ❡✈❡♥ ✐❢ ✿ ❡✈❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❣r♦✉♣❡❞ ❜② ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡ ♦r❞❡r❡❞ ✐s ♥♦t t❛❦❡♥ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❜② t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱

slide-33
SLIDE 33

❚♦ ❜❡ ♦✉t s✉❜✉r❜ ♦r ♥♦t

  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

first map

Dim 1 (14.67%) Dim 2 (12.91%)

  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

first map

Dim 1 (14.67%) Dim 2 (12.91%) PA.25-26 OS.25-26 OIdF.25-26 OS.41-45 OIdF.41-45 PA.46-50 OS.46-50 OIdF.46-50 Ow.25-26 CL.25-26 Ot.25-26 CL.41-45 Te.41-45 Ot.41-45 CL.46-50 Te.46-50 Ot.46-50

OIDF Ot Out Suburb Owner PARIS CL

slide-34
SLIDE 34

■♥♥❡r s✉❜✉r❜

  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

second map

Dim 3 (11.13%) Dim 4 (10.32%) PA.25-26 IS.25-26 OS.25-26 OIdF.25-26 OIdF.41-45 PA.46-50 IS.46-50 OS.46-50 OIdF.46-50 Ow.25-26 CL.25-26 Te.25-26 Ot.25-26 Ot.41-45 Ow.46-50 CL.46-50 Te.46-50 Ot.46-50

slide-35
SLIDE 35

■♥♥❡r s✉❜✉r❜

  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3

second map

Dim 3 (11.13%) Dim 4 (10.32%) PA.25-26 IS.25-26 OS.25-26 OIdF.25-26 OIdF.41-45 PA.46-50 IS.46-50 OS.46-50 OIdF.46-50 Ow.25-26 CL.25-26 Te.25-26 Ot.25-26 Ot.41-45 Ow.46-50 CL.46-50 Te.46-50 Ot.46-50

Ot Inner Suburb

slide-36
SLIDE 36

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙

❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s

  • 1

1 2 3

  • 1.5

1.5 3.0 0338 G1

Facteur 2 - 12.91 %

0338 0008 G1 0008 G2 0338 G2 0001 G1 0001 G2 0934 0004 G1 0004 G2 0002 G2 0934 G1 0002 G1 0934 G

✷✼ ✴ ✸✺

slide-37
SLIDE 37

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙

❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s

  • 1

1 2 3

  • 1.5

1.5 3.0 0338 G1

Facteur 2 - 12.91 %

0338 0008 G1 0008 G2 0338 G2 0001 G1 0001 G2 0934 0004 G1 0004 G2 0002 G2 0934 G1 0002 G1 0934 G2

From 25 yo to 50 yo 0938 stay

  • wner and out

suburb

✷✼ ✴ ✸✺

slide-38
SLIDE 38

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙

❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s

  • 1

1 2 3

  • 1.5

1.5 3.0

Facteur 2 - 12.91 %

0338 0008 G1 0008 G2 0338 G2 0001 G1 0001 G2 0934 0004 G1 0004 G2 0002 G2 0934 G1 0002 G1 0934 G2 0002 0008

✷✼ ✴ ✸✺

slide-39
SLIDE 39

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙

❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

P❧❛♥ ✿ ✸ ✲ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙

■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆

✷✽ ✴ ✸✺

slide-40
SLIDE 40

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙

❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❚❤❡ ❆s❝❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❍✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ✻ ❢❛❝t♦rs ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛rr② ✻✻✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❡rt✐❛ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✺ ❣r♦✉♣s ✇❡r❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✿

  • r♦✉♣

Pr♦♣♦rt✐♦♥ ❝❧❛ss ✶ ✷✶ ❝❧❛ss ✷ ✶✺ ❝❧❛ss ✸ ✷✺ ❝❧❛ss ✹ ✷✵ ❝❧❛ss ✺ ✶✾

✷✾ ✴ ✸✺

slide-41
SLIDE 41

❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

slide-42
SLIDE 42

❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

slide-43
SLIDE 43

❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

slide-44
SLIDE 44

❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

slide-45
SLIDE 45

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❉✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥

◮ ❊①♣❧♦r❛t♦r② ❛s♣❡❝t ◮ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠✐ss✐♥❣ ❛♥s✇❡rs ◮ ❊①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡s tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s

✸✶ ✴ ✸✺

slide-46
SLIDE 46

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s

◮ ❚♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ t❤❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✿ ▲✐♥❦ t♦ ❢❛♠✐❧② st♦r② ✭✉♥✐♦♥

❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ❜✐rt❤✱ ❞❡♣❛rt✉r❡ ♦❢ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥✮

◮ ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐t② ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r ♠❡t❤♦❞s ◮ ❋✐❡❧❞s ♦❢ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✿ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛r❡♥t❛❧

tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s✱ tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛❞✉❧t❤♦♦❞

✸✷ ✴ ✸✺

slide-47
SLIDE 47

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ■

❇❡❝✉❡✲❇❡rt❛✉t✱ ❏✳✱ ▼✳ ✫ P❛❣ès ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ♠✐①t✉r❡ ♦❢ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❝❛❧ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❞❛t❛✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝s ✫ ❉❛t❛ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ✺✷✱ ♣✳ ✸✷✺✺✕✸✷✻✽✳ ❉❡✈✐❧❧❡✱ ❏✳✲❈✳ ✭✶✾✼✹✮✳ ▼❡t❤♦❞❡s st❛t✐st✐q✉❡s ❡t ♥✉♠ér✐q✉❡s ❞❡ ❧✬❛♥❛❧②s❡ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐q✉❡✳ ❆♥♥❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❧✬■◆❙❊❊✱ ✶✺✱ ♣✳ ✸✕✶✵✶✳ ❉❡✈✐❧❧❡✱ ❏✳✲❈✳ ✭✶✾✼✼✮✳ ❆♥❛❧②s❡ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐q✉❡ ❞✉ ❝❛❧❡♥❞r✐❡r ❞❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ❢❛♠✐❧❧❡s ❡♥ ❢r❛♥❝❡✳ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ✸✸✭✶✮✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✕✻✸✳ ❉❡✈✐❧❧❡✱ ❏✳✲❈✳ ❡t ❙❛♣♦rt❛✱ ●✳ ✭✶✾✽✵✮✳ ❆♥❛❧②s❡ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐q✉❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡✳ ❉❛t❛ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s✱ ❊✳❉✐❞❛②✳ ◆♦rt❤✲❍♦❧❧❛♥❞✳

  • ❘❆❇ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❋✉③③② st❛t❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s✱ t✳ ✻✳

▼ét❤♦❞❡s ❡t s❛✈♦✐rs✳ ■❙❇◆ ✾✲✼✽✷✼✸✸✲✷✻✵✵✻✼✳

  • ❘❆❇ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❤tt♣ ✿✴✴❣r❛❜✳s✐t❡✳✐♥❡❞✳❢r✴❡♥✴❣r❛❜✴✳

✸✸ ✴ ✸✺

slide-48
SLIDE 48

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ■■

❙❛♣♦rt❛✱ ●✳ ✭✶✾✽✶✮✳ ▼ét❤♦❞❡s ❡①♣❧♦r❛t♦✐r❡s ❞✬❛♥❛❧②s❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥é❡s t❡♠♣♦r❡❧❧❡s✳ ❝❛❤✐❡rs ❞✉ ❜✉r❡❛✉ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛✐r❡ ❞❡ r❡❝❤❡r❝❤❡ ♦♣ér❛t✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡✱ ✸✼✲✸✽✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐té P✐❡rr❡ ❡t ▼❛r✐❡ ❈✉r✐❡✳ ✶✾✹♣✳

✸✹ ✴ ✸✺