t tr ss t t t - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❘❡❧❛t❡❞ ▼❡t❤♦❞s✿ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❊❧✐s❛❜❡t❤ ▼♦r❛♥❞✲❇é♥é❞✐❝t❡ ●❛r♥✐❡r✲❈❛t❤❡r✐♥❡ ❇♦♥✈❛❧❡t ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s ■♥st✐t✉t ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✬❊t✉❞❡s ❉é♠♦❣r❛♣❤✐q✉❡s ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ▼ét❤♦❞❡s ❙t❛t✐st✐q✉❡s Rennes֒ February ֒  ✶ ✴ ✸✺

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❆✐♠s ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ✷ ✴ ✸✺

P❧❛♥ ✿ ✶ ✲ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❆✐♠s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ✸ ✴ ✸✺

■♥st✐t✉t ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✬❊t✉❞❡s ❉é♠♦❣r❛♣❤✐q✉❡s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s P♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P❛r✐s ✭❈❛t❤❡r✐♥❡ ❇♦♥✈❛❧❡t✱✶✾✽✻✮ ❘❡tr♦s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ s✉r✈❡② ❘❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❤✐st♦r② ♦❢ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✹ ✴ ✸✺

❇✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❘❡tr♦s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ◮ ✶ ✾✽✼ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛❣❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✺✵ ❛♥❞ ✺✾ ✭❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ ✶✾✷✻✲✶✾✸✺✮ ❧✐✈✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ P❛r✐s ❘❡❣✐♦♥ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ◮ ❙♦❝✐♦❞❡♠♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛t tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r✈❡② ✭✶✾✽✻✮ ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ◮ ❊❛❝❤ ✐♥❤❛❜✐t❛♥t ✐s ❛s❦❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❞✇❡❧❧✐♥❣s ❤❡ ❤❛s ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❧✐✈❡❞ ❢♦r ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✭♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❛ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s ②❡❛r✮ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ s✉r✈❡② ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s ✺ ✴ ✸✺

●❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❧✐❢❡ ❝♦✉rs❡s ✐♥ ❚❤❡ P❛r✐s ❘❡❣✐♦♥ ✭■❧❡ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❞❡ ❋r❛♥❝❡✮ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✹ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ✿ P❛r✐s ✭P❆✮ ✲ ■♥♥❡r ❙✉❜✉r❜ ✭■❙✮ ✲ ❖✉t❡r ❙✉❜✉r❜ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ✭❖❙✮ ✲ ❖✉ts✐❞❡ ■❧❡ ❞❡ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ✭❖■❉❋✮ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s 95 ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ 93 ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ 78 92 75 ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ 94 77 ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s 91 Ile de France 75 : Paris 92, 93, 94 : Inner Suburb 77, 78, 91, 95 : Outer Suburb ✻ ✴ ✸✺

❘❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❧✐❢❡ ❝♦✉rs❡s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ✹ t❡♥✉r❡ st❛t✉s❡s ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ◮ ❚❡♥❛♥t ✭❚✮ ❆✐♠s ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ◮ ▲✐✈✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧ ❤♦✉s❡ ♦r ✶✾✹✽ ❍♦✉s✐♥❣ ▲❛✇ ✭❈▲✮ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ◮ ❖✇♥❡r ✭❖✇✮ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ◮ ❖t❤❡r ✭❖t✮ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s ✼ ✴ ✸✺

P❧❛♥ ✿ ✶ ✲ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ t✇♦✲✇❛② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝② ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❆✐♠s ❈❆❘▼❊ ✷✵✶✶ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭◗❍❆✮ ❙✉r✈❡② ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❆✐♠s ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❛♥t ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲❙ ❆◆❉ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼❊❚❍❖❉❙ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s ❘❊❙❯▲❚❙ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ t✐♠❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙■❖◆ ✽ ✴ ✸✺