tst ss s - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

❘❡❧❛t✐✈✐st✐❝ ❧♦ss✲❝♦♥❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s✿ ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ●❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ❈❡♥t❡r ❘❡❧❛t✐✈✐st✐❝ ❧♦ss✲❝♦♥❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s✿ ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ●❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ❈❡♥t❡r ❚❛❧ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞❡r ❲❡✐③♠❛♥♥ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ 3 RR < NR Plunge 2 RR > NR log 10 a/mpc MBH 1 LSO 0 GW timescales GW Separatrix a GW RR>NR contour -1 AI contour MW S-stars GW -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 log 10 j Bar-Or & TA 2015

❘❡❧❛t✐✈✐st✐❝ ❧♦ss✲❝♦♥❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s✿ ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ●❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ❈❡♥t❡r ●❡tt✐♥❣ st❛rs t♦ t❤❡ ▼❇❍ ❚❤❡ st❡❧❧❛r ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧ ❧♦ss✲❝♦♥❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✿ ❍♦✇ ❞♦ st❛rs ✐♥ ❛ ❣❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ♥✉❝❧❡✉s ✐♥t❡r❛❝t str♦♥❣❧② ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠❛ss✐✈❡ ❜❧❛❝❦ ❤♦❧❡ ✭▼❇❍✮ ❛♥❞✴♦r ❢❛❧❧ ✐♥t♦ ✐t✱ ❛♥❞ ❛t ✇❤❛t r❛t❡s❄ ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s Scatterers P❧✉♥❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✿ ❚✐❞❛❧ ❞✐sr✉♣t✐♦♥ ✢❛r❡s ✶ , ✷ ✱ t✐❞❛❧ ❞❡t♦♥❛t✐♦♥ ✸ ✱ t✐❞❛❧ s❝❛tt❡r✐♥❣ ✹ ✱ ❣r❛✈✐t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✇❛✈❡ ✭●❲✮ ✢❛r❡s Test star ■♥s♣✐r❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✿ ●❲ ❡①tr❡♠❡ ♠❛ss r❛t✐♦ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❧s ✭❊▼❘■s✮ ✶ , ✷ , ✺ ✱ ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� t✐❞❛❧ sq✉❡❡③❛rs ✻ ✱ ❛❝❝r❡t✐♦♥ ❞✐s❦ ❝❛♣t✉r❡ ����� ����� ����� ����� "Loss cone" ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ❊①♦t✐❝ st❡❧❧❛r ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ♥❡❛r ▼❇❍s ✼ , ✽ , ✾ BH and "strong interaction zone" ▼❇❍✰st❛rs ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✶✵ , ✶✶ , ✶✷ , ✶✸ ❍♦✇ ❞♦ ❣❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ♥✉❝❧❡✐ r❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡ ❛♥❞ r❡❧❛①❄ 1:TA & Hopman 2003 2:Bar-Or & TA 2015 3: TA 2005 4:TA & Livio 2001 5:Hopman & TA 2005, 2006a, 2006b 6:TA & Morris 2003 7:TA 1999 8:TA & Livio 2004 9:Perets, Hopman & TA 2007 10:TA & Hopman 2009 11:TA & Kumar 2001 12:Bar-Or & TA 2014 13:Bregman & TA 2012

❘❡❧❛t✐✈✐st✐❝ ❧♦ss✲❝♦♥❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s✿ ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ●❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ❈❡♥t❡r ●❡tt✐♥❣ st❛rs t♦ t❤❡ ▼❇❍ ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❜② r❡❧❛①❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡❧❛①❛t✐♦♥ ♥❡❛r ❛ ▼❇❍ ◆♦♥✲❝♦❤❡r❡♥t r❡❧❛①❛t✐♦♥ ✭◆❘✿ ❊ , ❏ ✮ ❘❡s♦♥❛♥t r❡❧❛①❛t✐♦♥ ✭❘❘✿ ❏ ✮ P♦✐♥t✖♣♦✐♥t ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❖r❜✐t✲♦r❜✐t ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s Perturbing stars Effect on perturbed star Rauch & Tremaine 1996 Scatterers Stationary ellipses Scalar resonant relaxation in point mass potential Test star ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� "Loss cone" ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� Planar rosettes in Vector resonant relaxation spherical potential BH and "strong interaction zone" ◗ = ▼ • / ▼ ⋆ ❚ ◆❘ ∼ [ ◗ ✷ P / ◆ ⋆ ] / ❧♦❣ ◗ ❚ ❘❘ ∼ [ ◗ ✷ P / ◆ ⋆ ] P / t ❝♦❤ ✶ / ❧♦❣ ◗ ✿ r❡❧❛①❛t✐♦♥ ❜♦♦st ❢r♦♠ ❝❧♦s❡ ❡♥❝♦✉♥t❡rs P / t ❝♦❤ ✿ r❡❧❛①❛t✐♦♥ ❜♦♦st ❢r♦♠ ❧♦♥❣ ❝♦❤❡r❡♥❝❡ ◆❡❛r ▼❇❍✿ ❚ ❘❘ / ❚ ◆❘ ∼ ❧♦❣ ◗ ( P / t ❝♦❤ ) ≪ ✶ ❋❛st ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ ❏ → ✵✿ ❙tr♦♥❣ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ▼❇❍

❘❡❧❛t✐✈✐st✐❝ ❧♦ss✲❝♦♥❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s✿ ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ●❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ❈❡♥t❡r ●❡tt✐♥❣ st❛rs t♦ t❤❡ ▼❇❍ ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❜② r❡❧❛①❛t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ✏❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧✑ ✭♣r❡✲❘❘✮ ❧♦ss✲❝♦♥❡✿ P❧✉♥❣❡ ✈s ✐♥s♣✐r❛❧ ❚ ❏ ∼ ❥ ✷ ❚ ❊ ▲♦ss ♣r✐♠❛r✐❧② ❜② ❜② ❏ ✲r❡❧❛①❛t✐♦♥✿ ❥ = ❏ / ❏ ❝ ( ❊ ) log a log a Plunge E,J−scattering log a crit Plunge Inspiral J−scattering long P long P J−scattering Dissipation short P short P Detectable GW log a log J /J log J/J log a log J /J log J/J isco lc c c isco lc c c (Lightman & Shapiro 1977; Cohn & Kulsrud 1978) (TA & Hopman 2003; Hopman & TA 2005) Γ ♣❧✉♥❣❡ ∼ ◆ ⋆ ( < r ❤ )/ � ❧♦❣ ( ❏ ❝ / ❏ ❧❝ ) ❚ ❊ � Γ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❧ ∼ ◆ ⋆ [ < r ❝r✐t ( ❚ ❊ )] / � ❧♦❣ ( ❏ ❝ / ❏ ❧❝ ) ❚ ❊ � Γ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❧ ∼ ❖ ( ✵ . ✵✶ )Γ ♣❧✉♥❣❡

❘❡❧❛t✐✈✐st✐❝ ❧♦ss✲❝♦♥❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s✿ ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ●❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ❈❡♥t❡r ●❡tt✐♥❣ st❛rs t♦ t❤❡ ▼❇❍ ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❜② r❡❧❛①❛t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ✏❞❛♥❣❡r✑ ♦❢ ✉♥q✉❡♥❝❤❡❞ ❘❘✿ ◆♦ ✐♥♥❡r ❝✉s♣ ✭◆♦ ●❘ st❛rs✱ ♥♦ ●❲ ❊▼❘■s✱ ♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ (Bar-Or & TA 2015) log 10 (d 2 n/dlgj dlga) 3 -0.5 < 2.5 -1.0 < -0.5 -1.5 < -1.0 -2.0 < -1.5 2 -2.5 < -2.0 -3.0 < -2.5 ❚❤❡ ✏❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡♥❝❡✑ ❝♦♥❥❡❝t✉r❡✿ 1.5 -3.5 < -3.0 log 10 (a/mpc) -4.0 < -3.5 1 -4.5 < -4.0 (Hopman & TA 2006) -5.0 < -4.5 0.5 -5.5 < -5.0 <-5.5 LSO 0 GW R p = 8.0e-04 1/yr ◮ ❯♥q✉❡♥❝❤❡❞✱ ❘❘ ❞r✐✈❡s ❛❧❧ st❛rs t♦ inspiral -0.5 plunge R i = 0.0e+00 1/yr ♣❧✉♥❣❡ ♦r❜✐ts ✭♥♦ ❊▼❘■s✦✮✳ -1 n snap =24982944 n p =10469 n i =0 -1.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 ◮ O ( β ✷ ❥ − ✷ ✮ ●❘ ✐♥✲♣❧❛♥❡ ❙❝❤✇❛r③s❝❤✐❧❞ log 10 (j) ♣r❡❝❡ss✐♦♥ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❜❡❢♦r❡ O ( β ✺ / ✷ ❥ − ✼ ◗ − ✶ ) ●❲ ❞✐ss✐♣❛t✐♦♥✳ 3 Last Stable Orbit 2 ◮ ●❘ ♣r❡❝❡ss✐♦♥ q✉❡♥❝❤❡s ❘❘ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧♦✇s RR > NR log 10 ( a/mpc ) ❊▼❘■s t♦ ♣r♦❝❡❡❞ ✉♥♣❡rt✉r❜❡❞✱ 1 ❞❡❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ st❛rs✳ 0 − 1 − 2 − 2 . 5 − 2 . 0 − 1 . 5 − 1 . 0 − 0 . 5 log 10 ( J/J c )

❘❡❧❛t✐✈✐st✐❝ ❧♦ss✲❝♦♥❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s✿ ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ●❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ❈❡♥t❡r ❘❡s✉❧ts ❚❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈✐st✐❝ ❧♦ss✲❝♦♥❡ ❚❤❡ η ✲❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠ ❙t❡❧❧❛r ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ♥♦✐s❡ ✭❇❡♥ ❇❛r✲❖r✬s t❛❧❦✮ • ❆❞✐❛❜❛t✐❝ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ( ⋆ ) q✉❡♥❝❤❡s ❘❘ ❛t ❧♦✇✲ ❥ 3 RR < NR Plunge • ◆❘ ❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡s ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❧♦♥❣ t✐♠❡ s❝❛❧❡s 2 • ❉②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈✐st✐❝ ❧♦ss✲❝♦♥❡ RR > NR log 10 a/mpc MBH ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❘❘ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❡①♣r❡ss ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ♥♦✐s❡ ❛♥❞ s❡❝✉❧❛r 1 ♣r❡❝❡ss✐♦♥s✱ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ ◆❘ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ●❲ ❞✐ss✐♣❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ s❝❛❧❛❜❧❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ t♦♦❧ ❢♦r ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❧♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❧♦ss✲r❛t❡s ♦❢ ❣❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ♥✉❝❧❡✐ ✐♥ t❤❡ LSO r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ ◆ ⋆ ≫ ✶ ❧✐♠✐t ( † ) ✳ 0 GW timescales GW Separatrix a GW RR>NR contour -1 AI contour ⋆ ❈♦rr❡❝t ❢♦r♠ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏❙❝❤✇❛r③s❝❤✐❧❞ ❇❛rr✐❡r✑ ✭▼❡rr✐tt✱ ❚❆✱ ▼✐❦❦♦❧❛ ✫ ❲✐❧❧ ✷✵✶✶✮ ✳ MW S-stars GW † ❱❛❧✐❞❛t❡❞ ❛❣❛✐♥st ◆ ✲❜♦❞② r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧♦✇✲ ◆ ⋆ r❡❣✐♠❡✳ -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 log 10 j ✭❇❛r✲❖r ✫ ❚❆ ✷✵✶✺✮