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❙♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐✈❡ ❚❛❣ ❆❝❝❡ss ❢♦r ❘❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❊♥❡r❣② ❉✐ss✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❙❡t✲❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐✈❡ ▲✶ ❉❛t❛ ❈❛❝❤❡s ❆❧❡♥ ❇❛r❞✐③❜❛♥②❛♥✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❲❤❛❧❧❡② ∗ ✱ ▼❛❣♥✉s ❙❥ä❧❛♥❞❡r ∗ ✱ P❡r ▲❛rss♦♥✲❊❞❡❢♦rs ❈❤❛❧♠❡rs ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ∗ ❋❧♦r✐❞❛ ❙t❛t❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②

❊♥❡r❣② ❊✣❝✐❡♥t Pr♦❝❡ss♦r ❉❡s✐❣♥ ◆❡❡❞ ❢♦r ❡♥❡r❣② ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss♦rs✳ ❙❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ ♥♦t ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡❧② ✐♠♣❛❝t ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✳ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ r❡❡①❛♠✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ ❡♥❡r❣② ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝②✳

❙❡t✲❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐✈❡ ❉❛t❛ ❈❛❝❤❡s ▼❛♥② s❡t ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐✈❡ ❝❛❝❤❡s ❛r❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧❧② ✐♥❞❡①❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧❧② t❛❣❣❡❞✳

▲♦❛❞s ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❙❡t✲❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐✈❡ ▲✶ ❉❈ ❆r❡ ❊♥❡r❣② ■♥❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❆❧❧ ▲✶ ❉❈ ✇❛②s ❛r❡ ❛❝❝❡ss❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❢♦r ❧♦❛❞s t♦ r❡❞✉❝❡ st❛❧❧ ❝②❝❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡q✉❡st❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❝❛♥ ❛t ♠♦st r❡s✐❞❡ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛②s✳ ❲❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛♥ ✽✪ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ♦♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ▲✶ ❉❈ t❛❣ ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❡s ❛r❡ s❡q✉❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❛❝❝❡ss❡❞✳ 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.1 Rate(%) 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.02 1 adpcm basicmath bitcount blowfish crc dijkstra fft gsm ispell jpeg lame patricia pgp qsort rijndael rsynth sha stringsearch susan tiff average

❆❞❞r❡ss ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ▲✶ ❉❈ ❆❝❝❡ss ❚❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✉♥✐t ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡s t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ✐♥ ❛ st❛❣❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ▲✶ ❉❈ ✐s ❛❝❝❡ss❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ t❛❦❡s ❛s ✐♥♣✉t✿ ❜❛s❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❢r♦♠ ❛ r❡❣✐st❡r ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦✛s❡t ❢r♦♠ ❛♥ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ✜❣✉r❡ ❜❡❧♦✇ ❛ss✉♠❡s ❛ ❱■P❚ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✳

❉❛t❛ ▼❡♠♦r② ❆❞❞r❡ss ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ■❢ t❤❡ ♦✛s❡t ✐s s♠❛❧❧✱ t❤❡♥ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ t❛❣ ❛♥❞ ❧✐♥❡ ✐♥❞❡① ♣♦rt✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡♠♦r② ❛❞❞r❡ss ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❛s t❤❡s❡ ✜❡❧❞s ✐♥ ❜❛s❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss✳

❙♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐✈❡ ❚❛❣ ❆❝❝❡ss ❯s❡ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡ ✐♥❞❡① ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss t♦ s♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐✈❡❧② ❛❝❝❡ss t❤❡ ▲✶ ❉❈ t❛❣s✳ ❯s❡ t❤❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♣❛❣❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ✭♣r✐♠❛r✐❧② t❤❡ t❛❣✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss t♦ s♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐✈❡❧② ❛❝❝❡ss t❤❡ ❉❚▲❇✳ ❖♥❡ ▲✶ ❉❈ ❞❛t❛ ✇❛② ✐s ❛❝❝❡ss❡❞ ❛❢t❡r ❛ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ s♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳

❙♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐✈❡ ❆❞❞r❡ss ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❋❛✐❧✉r❡ ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❝❛rr②✲♦✉t s✐❣♥❛❧s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡ ♦✛s❡t ❛♥❞ ❧✐♥❡ ✐♥❞❡① ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t ✐❢ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ s♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ ❛♥ ✐♥✈❛❧✐❞ ❧✐♥❡ ✐♥❞❡① t♦ t❤❡ ▲✶ ❉❈ t❛❣ ♠❡♠♦r② ♦r ❞✉❡ t♦ ❛♥ ✐♥✈❛❧✐❞ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♣❛❣❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❉❚▲❇✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳

❙♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐✈❡ ❆❝❝❡ss ❇❡♥❡✜ts ❛♥❞ ❈♦sts ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐✈❡ t❛❣ ❛❝❝❡ss ✐s s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧✿ ❖♥ ❛♥ ▲✶ ❉❈ ❤✐t✱ t❤❡ r❡❛❞ ❡♥❡r❣② ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♥ ✲✶ ❞❛t❛ ❛rr❛②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥ ✲✇❛② ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐✈❡ ▲✶ ❉❈ ✐s ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞✳ ❖♥ ❛♥ ▲✶ ❉❈ ♠✐ss✱ t❤❡ r❡❛❞ ❡♥❡r❣② ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ ❞❛t❛ ❛rr❛②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✶ ❉❈ ✐s ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡♠♦r② ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤② ✐s ❛❝❝❡ss❡❞ ♦♥❡ ❝②❝❧❡ ❡❛r❧✐❡r✳ ❆ s♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ▲✶ ❉❈ ✐♥❞❡① ✜❡❧❞ r❡q✉✐r❡s t❤❡ ❡①tr❛ ❡♥❡r❣② ❝♦st ♦❢ ✉♥♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❧② ❛❝❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ▲✶ ❉❈ t❛❣ ❛rr❛②s✳ ❆ s♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ▲✶ ❉❈ t❛❣ ✜❡❧❞ r❡q✉✐r❡s t❤❡ ❡①tr❛ ❡♥❡r❣② ❝♦st ♦❢ ✉♥♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❧② ❛❝❝❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉❚▲❇✳

❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✺✲st❛❣❡ ✐♥✲♦r❞❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦r ❚❤❡ ▲✶ ■❈ ❛♥❞ ▲✶ ❉❈ ❛r❡ ❜♦t❤ ✶✻❦❇✱ ✹✲✇❛② s❡t✲❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐✈❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ✸✷❇ ❧✐♥❡ s✐③❡✳ ✶✻✲❡♥tr② ❢✉❧❧② ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐✈❡ ❉❚▲❇ ❘❚▲ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ s②♥t❤❡s✐③❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙②♥♦♣s✐s ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❡r t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❡♥❡r❣② ✈❛❧✉❡s ❢♦r ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❡✈❡♥ts✳ ❯s❡❞ t❤❡ ❙✐♠♣❧❡❙❝❛❧❛r s✐♠✉❧❛t♦r t♦ ❝♦✉♥t ❡✈❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t♦t❛❧ ❡♥❡r❣② ✉s❛❣❡✳

❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s ✷✵ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦s s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ▼✐❇❡♥❝❤ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ s✉✐t❡✳ ❈❛t❡❣♦r② ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❆✉t♦♠♦t✐✈❡ ❇❛s✐❝♠❛t❤✱ ❇✐t❝♦✉♥t✱ ◗s♦rt✱ ❙✉s❛♥ ❈♦♥s✉♠❡r ❏P❊●✱ ▲❛♠❡✱ ❚■❋❋ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❉✐❥❦str❛✱ P❛tr✐❝✐❛ ❖✣❝❡ ■s♣❡❧❧✱ ❘s②♥t❤✱ ❙tr✐♥❣s❡❛r❝❤ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❇❧♦✇✜s❤✱ ❘✐❥♥❞❛❡❧✱ ❙❍❆✱ P●P ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠ ❆❉P❈▼✱ ❈❘❈✸✷✱ ❋❋❚✱ ●❙▼

■♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ❖✛s❡t ❇✐t ❲✐❞t❤ ❙♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♥♦t ❛tt❡♠♣t❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ♦✛s❡ts r❡q✉✐r❡ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✜✈❡ ❜✐ts ♦r ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ♦✛s❡ts r❡q✉✐r❡ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❢♦✉r ❜✐ts✳ 2626 2.5 2 L1 DC load energy savings (%) 1.5 1 0.5 0 −0.5 −1 −1.5 −2 −2.5 neg zero 1−bit 2−bit 3−bit 4−bit 5−bit 6−bit 7−bit 8−bit 9−bit 10−bit 11−bit 12−bit 13−bit 14−bit 15−bit Energy saved in data arrays Energy lost in tag arrays Energy lost in DTLB Overall energy savings

▲♦❛❞ ❙♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❙✉❝❝❡ss ❘❛t❡ ✼✶✳✾✪ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❧♦❛❞s s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧❧② ❛❝❝❡ss ▲✶ ❉❈ t❛❣s ❡❛r❧②✳ ✶✳✾✪ ♦❢ ❧♦❛❞s ❝❛✉s❡ s♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡s ❛✛❡❝t✐♥❣ t❛❣ ❛❝❝❡ss ❛♥❞ ✵✳✷✪ ❝❛✉s❡ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡s ❛✛❡❝t✐♥❣ ❉❚▲❇ ❛❝❝❡ss✳ 1 0.9 0.8 Attempted Speculations 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 adpcm basicmath bitcount blowfish crc dijkstra fft gsm ispell jpeg lame patricia pgp qsort rijndael rsynth sha stringsearch susan tiff average Successful speculations Speculation fails

▲✶ ❉❈ ❛♥❞ ❉❚▲❇ ❊♥❡r❣② ❘❡s✉❧ts ■❞❧❡✱ st♦r❡✱ ❛♥❞ ♠✐ss ❡♥❡r❣② ❛r❡ ✉♥❛✛❡❝t❡❞✳ ❊♥❡r❣② ❞✉❡ t♦ ❧♦❛❞s ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✼✼✳✷✪ t♦ ✺✸✳✸✪✱ r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ✷✹✪ ▲✶ ❉❈ ❛♥❞ ❉❚▲❇ ❡♥❡r❣② s❛✈✐♥❣s✳ 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 L1 DC Energy 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 adpcm basicmath bitcount blowfish crc dijkstra fft gsm ispell jpeg lame patricia pgp qsort rijndael rsynth sha stringsearch susan tiff average Idle energy Miss energy Store energy Load energy