2062 IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, VOL. 20, NO. 3, THIRD QUARTER 2018 Internet of Things (IoT) Operating Systems Support, Networking Technologies, Applications, and Challenges: A Comparative Review Farhana Javed, Muhamamd Khalil Afzal, Senior Member, IEEE , Muhammad Sharif, and Byung-Seo Kim , Senior Member, IEEE Abstract —The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a reality. As the IoT is now becoming a far more common field, the demand for IoT technologies to manage the communication of devices with the rest of the world has increased. The IoT is connect- ing various individual devices called things and wireless sensor networks is also playing an important role. A thing can be defined as an embedded device based on a micro controller that can transmit and receive information. These devices are extremely low in power, memory, and resources. Therefore, the research community has recognized the importance of IoT device operat- ing systems (OSs). An adequate OS with a kernel, networking, real-time capability, and more can make these devices flexible. Fig. 1. The Growth of Interconnected Devices by the Year 2020 (adapted This review provides a detailed comparison of the OSs designed from [2]). for IoT devices on the basis of their architecture, scheduling methods, networking technologies, programming models, power and memory management methods, together with other features required for IoT applications. In addition, various applications, Every IoTs device should have a physical layer (PHY), an challenges, and case studies in the field of IoT research is interface, and an Internet protocol (IP) address. When these discussed. devices and systems share data over the cloud and analyze it Index Terms —Internet of Things, operating system, wireless they can transform our businesses, lives, and world in count- sensor networks, real-time operating system, IPv6 over low power less ways. The IoTs involves a growing economy. The IoTs personal area networks, radio frequency identification. has grown enormously since it was first introduced in the late 1990s [2]–[4] and it is expected to grow still more in the future. It will connect to the world wide Web far more than happens I. I NTRODUCTION today, with the devices involved ranging from smart phones, HE INTERNET has changed almost every aspect of T automated teller machines (ATMs) to industries, their prod- our lives: how we work, think, educate, and entertain ucts, and shipping containers [5]. According to [2] Figure 1 ourselves, and now the time has arrived for the Internet of shows the anticipated growth of IoTs devices relative to the Things (IoTs). This will connect more devices and impact our population by the year 2020. lives more than any other aspect of the digital age has done before [1]. IoTs represents the evolution of mobiles, homes and embedded systems. Such an evolution will help to cre- A. Motivation: Need for an Adequate Operating System ate a smart world for people because the objects around us in IoTs will have better knowledge of our likes, wants, and needs. The things which make IoTs intricate involve scheming and Manuscript received August 7, 2017; revised December 19, 2017 construction of the systems itself [6], [7]. To ensure the verac- and February 26, 2018; accepted March 12, 2018. Date of publication ity of the IoTs, a device connected to it should be able to March 21, 2018; date of current version August 21, 2018. This work was communicate with the rest of the world, and for this purpose supported in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea Government under Grant 2018R1A2B6002399, and in wireless technology is the first choice [8]–[10]. The funda- part by Basic Science Research Program through the NRF funded by the mental role of the system (OS) is to hide the minor details of Ministry of Education under Grant 2015R1D1A1A01059186. (Corresponding the device. Old-fashioned OSs are restrained, such as Linux author: Byung-Seo Kim.) F. Javed, M. K. Afzal, and M. Sharif are with the Department of Computer and Berkeley software distribution (BSD). OSs for tiny devices Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 47040, should provide services, such as the management of resources, Pakistan (e-mail: farhana.javed1@gmail.com; khalilafzal@ciitwah.edu.pk; while the processor should also have opportune scheduling muhammadsharifmalik@yahoo.com). B.-S. Kim is with the Department of Software and Communications policies. The goals to be achieved by an IoTs OS include Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 339-701, South Korea (e-mail: multitasking, security, and interaction. Currently, the IoTs is snbs@hongik.ac.kr). bedeviled because of a lack of inter-operability between the Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/COMST.2018.2817685 1553-877X c � 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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