T O O P E R F E C T T O B E C O A C H E D : I N V E S T I G AT I - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

T O O P E R F E C T T O B E C O A C H E D :

I N V E S T I G AT I N G T H E E F F E C T O F C O G N I T I V E B E H AV I O R A L A C H I N G O N R E D U C I N G I R R AT I O N A L C A R E E R B E L I E F S F O R P E R F E C T I O N I S T S

ByBy Yuhsuan Chang, Ph.D.

& Yi-Yen Chen, M.B.A Yuan Ze University, Taiwan

Y U H S U A N C H A N G , P H . D .

• Graduated from Counseling Psychology program

(APA-accredited) Purdue University (2007)

• Career management and personality assessment/

scale development

• Licensed psychologist and management

consultant

• Director of the English Bachelor Business

Administration Program, College of Management (AACSB-accredited)

About Perfectionism in Asian/Chinese Culture

Collectivism (Hofstede’s model, 1980, 2001) # High Expectation from Parents # Wanting Recognition and Approval from others —perfectionism

Observed problems from students

• Afraid of making career decision and asking questions
• Worry about other’s evaluation
• Vulnerable about receiving feedbacks

Purpose of Study

• Evaluate the effect of cognitive behavioral coaching

intervention for students with perfectionism

• Investigate different aspects of perfectionism in relation

top reduce their career irrational beliefs

• Quasi-experimental design

R E S E A R C H Q U E S T I O N : W I L L I T B E W O R K I N G T O A P P LY S O M E E F F E C T I V E C A R E E R C O A C H I N G M E T H O D S F O R S T U D E N T S W I T H T H I S C O N C E R N ?

• Cognitive Behavioral Coaching (CBC) was originated

from Beck’s cognitive behavioral therapy

• Cognitive behavioral intervention has been viewed as
• ne of the most investigated psychological approaches in

the past decades (Hofman et.al., 2012)

• The essence of the CBC is to “educate” individuals to be

aware of effective thought patterns (Beck, 1991)

• CBC can be a useful practice for professionals to

transform therapy into personal and executive coaching (Auerbach 2001; Sperry, 2004)

I N T R O D U C T I O N O F T H E C B C

• Perfectionism is described as the inclination to set high

standards and be extremely concerned about making mistakes (e.g., Hewitt & Flett, 1991)

• Perfectionism can consist of aspects including personal

standards, parent expectations, parents’ criticism, concern over mistakes, doubting of action, and

• rganization (Hewitt & Flett, 1991)

P E R F E C T I O N I S M

• Perfectionism can be thought as both positive quality and

an harmful belief; for example, individuals with perfectionism might hold negative thoughts about career development procedure, experiencing worry about career choices, and feel pressure to make a perfect career decision (Osborn, 1998)

P E R F E C T I O N I S M A N D C A R E E R D E C I S I O N

• A plenty of researchers have suggested that cognitive

intervention is an effective tool to help cognitive standards

• f perfectionists (e.g., Halgin & Leahy, 1989)
• Cognitive behavioral intervention has been applied with

perfectionists with various clinical concerns in clinical populations

P E R F E C T I O N I S M A N D C A R E E R I N T E R V E N T I O N

T H E E F F E C T O F C O G N I T I V E B E H AV I O R A L I N T E R V E N T I O N O N N O N - C L I N I C A L P O P U L AT I O N R E M A I N S U N C L E A R .

• Quasi-experimental study of CBC and evolution its

effect on perfectionists: irrational belief scale was administered before and after intervention

A I M O F T H I S S T U D Y

E X P E R I M E N TA L G R O U P C O N T R O L G R O U P

• 2.5 hours session*3

① Introduction of the CBC ② Identifying career irrational beliefs ③ Applying the CBC

• Film watching and

discussing career issues in general

PA RT I C I PA N T S

Demographic Variables CBC Group (n=36) Control Group (n=56) Total (n=92) n(%) n(%) n(%) Gender Male 7(19.4) 14(25.0) 21(22.8) Female 29(80.6) 42(75.0) 71(77.2) Year in curriculum Sophomore 0(0.0) 56(100.0) 56(60.9) Junior 27(75.0) 0(0.0) 27(29.3) Senior 9(25.0) 0(0.0) 9(9.8) Major BBA 20(55.6) (0.0) 20(21.7) IB 3(8.3) 4(7.1) 7(7.6) EBBA 4(11.1) 52(92.9) 56(60.9) Finance 2(5.6) (0.0) 2(2.2) Accounting 7(19.4) (0.0) 7(7.6) Birth Order First born 19(52.8) 23(41.1) 42(45.7) Middle child 3(8.3) 6(10.7) 9(9.8) Last born 14(38.9) 23(41.1) 37(40.2) Only child 0(0.0) 4(7.1) 4(4.3)

R E S U LT S

1 Non-perfectionist 2 Perfectionist CBC Group (N=17) Control Group (N=35) CBC Group (N=19) Control Group (N=21) AP 42 45 48 48 MP 44 49 59 73 IBS pretest 58.59 59.09 64.63 71.62 IBS posttest 50.53 59.60 62.11 68.9

Intervention Comparison

• Compare Non-perfectionist and Perfectionist

13 Non-perfectionist Perfectionist

58.59 50.53 64.63 62.11 71.62 68.90 59.09 59.60

Intervention Comparison

• Compare HMP and LMP

14 LMP HMP

65.08 62.31 60.33 48.56

L O W M A L A D A P T I V E P E R F E C T I O N I S T S S H O W E D T H E M O S T D E C R E A S E I N I R R AT I O N A L B E L I E F S

• CBC intervention can help reduce the degree of

irrational beliefs

• Worked better for non-perfectionist groups as to

perfectionist groups

• The effect of the particular impact of personality on

decisional conflicts (Laethem, Mestdagh, & Vanderheyden, 2003)

D I S C U S S I O N

• Maladaptive perfectionism showed the least improvement

after intervention

• Maladaptive perfectionism shows unrealistically high

expectations, ruminative concerns over mistakes, become aware of pressure from others to be excellent, be conscious large difference between one’s performance and personal standards (Enns & Cox, 2002)

D I S C U S S I O N C O N T I N U E D

• For individuals who are maladaptive perfectionism (MP), in-

depth sessions may be needed instead of short-term career coaching programs

• Ganske & Ashby (2007) suggested:
• A. Clarify the concept of inconsistency for MP
• B. Make a thorough inquiry how this inconsistency might

impede their career decision making

• C. Help lead MP to focus on adaptive aspect of perfectionism

E D U C AT I O N A L I M P L I C AT I O N S

• Increase the number of participants for intervention group
• For control group design, non-intervention can be added

instead of film analysis

• For better learning outcomes, students’ perfectionism

tendency can be measured in consideration of educational intervention

• For research design, a particular career decision scenario

can be offered to identify irrational beliefs instead of general measurement of irrational beliefs

L I M I TAT I O N S A N D F U T U R E S T U D I E S

Q U E S T I O N A N D A N S W E R S E C T I O N

WA L K I N FA I T H 4 2 9 @ G M A I L . C O M