Emerging Technologies Super Efficient Dryers Field and Lab Test Results Christopher Dymond Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance Emerging Technologies Showcase September 7, 2017 1
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BPA ET Showcase #60 - September 2017 Super Efficient Dryers Field and Lab Test Results Christopher Dymond Senior Product Manager
Outline − Background − Lab Testing • New Performance Metric • Remaining Moisture • Clothing Wear − Field Testing − Results • Savings • Qualified Products • Incremental Cost
Acknowledgments − NEEA Funders − Pacific Gas & Electric − Ecova − Ecos Research − Underwriters Laboratory − Texas State University
Super Efficient Clothes Dryers are they ready for market adoption? Performance Metric & Accurate Savings Lab Testing and Baseline Field Testing Completed Qualified Products List Established Products are Available Good Consumer Response Incremental Measure Cost Established
How much energy do dryers really use? Initial Investigation
Dryers use LOTS of Energy Refrigerator Dishwasher Clothes Clothes Dryer Washer
Dryer Market Transformation 2013 5-8 yrs ~400 $550 kWh/yr Tier 6 Tier 5 Efficiency Tier 4 Push Tier 3 ~100 ETA kWh/yr $250 ENERGY STAR
Lab and Field Testing Conducted − Lab Testing • 2012 Imported European Dryers • 2013-4 Revised lab test metric --- • Baseline testing – 11 conventional, 1 ENERGYSTAR 2014 • 2014-16 Lab testing of SEDs • 2016 Washer RMC testing − Field Testing of SEDs • 2012 Field testing of conventional dryers (50 households) • Field testing of Whirlpool 1 st Gen Hybrid 2014 • Field testing of Blomberg 5 th Gen Heat Pump Dryer 2015 • 2016 Field testing of LG 1 st Gen Hybrid − Non-Energy Benefits Study • 2015 Clothing Wear Investigation
• • • • • • • • • • • • • Efficient Dryer Types Hybrid Conventional Heat Pump ENERGYSTAR Heat Pump Add Dehumidifier Remove Heater Most are Ventless
What is a HP Dryer? A heat pump dryer uses a dehumidifier to dry clothes. The heat pump removes the moisture and returns the warm dry air into the dryer drum. It operates at a lower temperature and uses about half the energy of a conventional heater based clothes dryer.
2012 NEEA Laundry Field Study − Laundry Supplemental Study • Report available from NEEA • 50 sites – 1 month • Statistically significant sample • 2005 and newer models • 3 weight measurements • kWh monitoring of both washer and dryer • Participants paid to provide load and setting details
Lots of variability NEEA 50 home field study Average annual weight of clothing dried = 2342 lbs
How do we accurately measure performance? Test Procedure and Performance Metric Development
DOE D1 Test Procedure is not a good performance predictor Best Dryer Worst Dryer lbs/kWh lbs/kWh
User Conditions ≠ Test Conditions small fast eco large 12.6% 51.1% 36.3% 100% Federal Test Procedure evaluates performance under conditions seldom used
Dryer Supplemental Test Procedure Combination of 5 tests – 4 with real clothing Incremental Remaining Common Cycle Cycle Nominal Moisture Moisture Test Name Load Type Setting Temp Weight (lbs) Content Content DOE Test DOE Test Cloths Default High 8.45 57.5% 2% (D2) Supplemental Test Small Normal Medium 4.2 62% 4% Load Supplemental Test Large Normal Medium 16.8 62% 4% Load Supplemental Test Eco Mfr Defined Mfr Defined 8.4 62% 4% Load Supplemental Test Heavy Duty High 8.4 62% 4% Fastest Load Supplemental Test Load - Land’s End catalogue DOE Test Cloth
Performance by Test Type 8.45lbs 8.45lbs Real clothing 16.9lbs Load Size 4.22lbs Impact 8.45lbs
Cycle Settings Have Big Impact on Hybrids “CONDOR” Run 422 Medium Realistic Load Run 420 Medium Realistic Load Run 421 Medium Realistic Load 3000 3000 3000 Normal Eco Delicates Eco, More Dry 2500 2500 2500 POWER [W] POWER [W] POWER [W] 2000 2000 2000 1500 1500 1500 1000 1000 1000 500 500 500 0 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 TIME [MIN] TIME [MIN] TIME [MIN] “HORNET” Run 425 Medium Realistic Load Run 423 Medium Realistic Load Run 424 Medium Realistic Load 3000 3000 3000 Normal Eco, More Dry Normal Eco Low Temp + Normal Eco 2500 2500 2500 POWER [W] POWER [W] POWER [W] 2000 2000 2000 1500 1500 1500 1000 1000 1000 500 500 500 0 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 TIME [MIN] TIME [MIN] TIME [MIN] 2 0
Cycle Settings Eco vs. Balanced vs. Speed Time (minutes) Speed was 5 minutes faster BUT used 33% more energy 109% 133%
Washer Testing with Real Clothes 13 washers tested (9 front load, 4 top load) REAL CLOTHES DOE TEST CLOTHS Real Clothes came out of washer DOE J2 Real Clothes 13.2% +/- 3.9% Real Clothes Tests RMC Δ more wet than D2 Cloths Front 53.1 40.8 12.3 Top 68.3 54.9 13.4 Top-Front 15.1 14.1 Small loads of real clothing don’t spin dry as Small 62.8 48.3 14.5 well as medium or large loads Med/Large 55.3 43.6 11.7
Utility Combined Energy Factor (UCEF – measured in lbs/kWh) UCEF = W 0 x CEF 0 + W 1 x CEF 1 + W 2 x CEF 2 + W 3 x CEF 3 + W 4 x CEF 4 Where: CEF 0 = DOE D2 Test CEF 1 = Real Clothing Test 1 (Small Load, Normal Cycle) CEF 2 = Real Clothing Test 2 (Large Load, Normal Cycle) CEF 3 = Real Clothing Test 3 (Medium Load, Eco Cycle) CEF 4 = Real Clothing Test 4 (Medium Load, “Fastest” Cycle) Weighting Factors (W values) determined by field testing Our initial assumption was they were all equal to 20% . . . They weren’t
Are Heat Pump Dryers really gentler to your clothing? The Search for Non-Energy Benefits
Clothing Wear Study a search for non-energy benefits − Research Team • Ecos Research • Underwriters Laboratory • Texas State University – Textile Scientist • Funding and technical direction by NEEA and PG&E − Study Details • Clothing set of mixed fabric types • 5 Clothing wear tests of 25 dryer cycles • Pre, during and post condition evaluation
Testing Conducted − Load & lint weight — every 5 cycles − Photography — every 5 cycles − Spectrophotography — beginning and end − Microphotography — after 25 cycles − Fiber strength (per ASTM D5034) — after 25 cycles − Consumer evaluation — after 25 cycles
Testing
Key Findings − No significant clothing wear differences − Longer drying times does not increase damage − Consumers preferred hybrid dryer − Most laundry damage occurs when fibers are wet* (mostly in the washer) − Once clothing is dry, very little damage occurs * Mostly during wash cycle - Literature review supported
Will People like them? + How do lab results compare to real world results? Field Studies of Super-Efficient Dryers (SEDs)
NEEA Dryer Field Studies − Whirlpool – WED99HED Q1 2015 • 10 Homes in Portland metro • Hybrid, Ventless − Blomberg – DHP24412 Q3 2015 • 10 Apartments in Renton WA • Heat Pump, Ventless − LG – DLHX4072 Q3 2016 • 10 Homes in Boise metro • Hybrid, Vented Reminder: These studies are small samples, results are indicative, but not statistically significant
Field Testing of SEDs 1. Customer experience and satisfaction 2. Real world performance 3. Data for Federal Standards SEDI Field Study Protocol 1. Washer and dryer energy use 2. Participant records • Load weight • cycle setting • experience notes 3. 10+ cycles of pre-existing machine 4. 20+ cycles of new machines 5. Customer experience survey
Customer Satisfaction of SEDs Total Sample size is only 28 Participants
Dryer Performance Blomberg is Only High savings Pure Heat Pump Low savings
Washer + Dryer Energy Use Whirlpool data from winter in Portland LG data from summer in Boise
Savings are Good (Compared to Pre-Existing Machines) These savings do not include HVAC savings for ventless dryers
11-32 minutes of Extra Drying Time Heat Pump Ventless
Room Temp and Relative Humidity − Minimal impact on most laundry rooms • 5-10 degrees warmer − Ventless dryers should not be placed in small enclosed spaces − Ventless dryers offset about space heating needs* • Hybrid dryers ~ 45 kWh/yr • Heat pump dryers ~ 30 kWh/yr * Model based on Pacific NW heating and house size mix
Room Temp and RH Ventless Hybrid Vented Conventional 60 minutes 60 minutes
What are the products that generate real savings? Calibration, Estimated Savings, and Incremental Cost
Weighting Factors
Product Specification and Tiers UCEF is measured in lbs of clothing dried per kWh
2017 SED Qualified Products List Tier 6 Tier 3
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