Sub-topics Chemical characterization pH, TDS, EC, BOD, COD - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Geomaterial Characterization Sub-topics

• Chemical characterization

pH, TDS, EC, BOD, COD Sulphite and Chloride contents Cation-Exchange Capacity Pore-solution sampling Corrosion potential Sorption-Desorption

• Thermal Characterization
• Electrical Characterization

Pore Solution Extraction by Centrifugation Laboratory technique

• Soil sample mixed with immiscible liquid (CCl4)
• Centrifuged in a tube at a particular rotational speed
• Pore solution is displaced by CCl4
• Pore solution could be extracted even from dry soils
• Quantity of pore solution extracted depends on soil type
• Results obtained cannot be generalized

Importance of Lysimetric studies

• Field studies No control of boundary conditions,

cost and time intensive

• Laboratory studies Cannot simulate field conditions, Spatial

variability cannot be taken into account

• Lysimetric study Intermittent approach Simulates

In-situ conditions with better control on boundary conditions

Lysimeter Device which creates a control volume of soil for studying various contaminant transport mechanisms under in-situ conditions Lysimeter identified as a potential tool for studying radioactive contaminant Interaction and migration in Geoenvironment

R is the soil spiked (with Cs, Co & Tritium)

Slurry of native soil

Vial for pore-solution collection

Details of the suction sampler

Stopper Sample Collector Flexible rubber tube To the vacuum Pump Ceramic thimble Perspex tube Soil slurry

Screw cap

Activities at a Glance

TDR studies

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

 Depth(cm)

15/06/05 20/06/05 05/07/05 14/07/05 18/07/05 26/7 flash floods 26/08/05 27/09/05

GSL

Hanumantha Rao, B, Sridhar, V., Rakesh, R.R., Singh, D.N., Narayan, P.K. and Wattal, P.K., “Application of In-situ Lysimetric Studies for Determining Soil Hydraulic Conductivity”, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2009, DOI 10.1007/ s10706-009-9260-5. Published Online: 13 May 2009.

Variation of 137Cs and 60Co activity concentration with depth in dry soils after a period of 500 days

Pressure Membrane Extractor

S PG PME A P PG

C

R RU B Air inlet Pressure gauge Drain Expelled water to the sampling bottle Air pressure

Limitations Expensive instrumentation Cumbersome methodology Intensive & rigorous sample preparation, time consuming Complicated procedure for calibration and analysis Requirement of skilled and trained personnel Pore-solution extraction/Analysis (PME) AAS ICP-MS Gas chromatography Ion selective electrodes Impedance spectroscopy (Impedance analyzer) Electrical resistivity methods (Probes) Electro-magnetic methods (Time domain Reflectometry) Dielectric constant (Ground penetrating radar) CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION for ASSESSING SOIL CONTAMINATION

Direct methods Indirect methods

Used for measuring soil suction and characterizing unsaturated soil

Soil Suction Matric(x) suction (soil matrix) Osmotic suction (salts)

Total Suction

Soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC)  w

AEV

wr

w : water content  : Soil suction

Exploring the possibility of WP4 (dewpoint potentiameter) AN INDIRECT METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING SOIL CONTAMINATION

Block chamber

Working principle of WP4

Measuring range- 0 to 80 MPa Works on relative humidity principle WP4 measures total suction of soil Uncontaminated soil : Total suction = Matric(x) suction Contaminated soil : Total suction = Matric(x) suction + Osmotic suction SWCC of uncontaminated and contaminated soil of same type would be different The difference between SWCCs would indicate soil contamination

A Case study

Soil used: Marine soil designated as contaminated soil (CS) Source: Collected from the coastal area of Mumbai, India

Soil property Value Specific gravity 2.64 Particle size characteristics Coarse sand (4.75-2.0 mm) 4 Medium sand (2.0-0.420 mm) 9 Fine sand (0.420-0.074mm) 11 Silt size (0.074-0.002 mm) 44 Clay size (< 0.002 mm) 32 Consistency limits Liquid limit (%) 61 Plastic limit (%) 37 Plasticity index (%) 24 Soil Classification (USCS) MH Oxide % by weight SiO2 33 Al2O3 11 Fe2O3 12 TiO2 2 CaO 6 Chlorides (ppm) 9840 Sulphites (ppm) 40 CEC (meq/100g) 4.04

Physical properties Chemical properties As such the soil is contaminated

Soil subjected to washing to nullify contamination

• No. of washings

LS Chloride (ppm) Sulphite (ppm) 1 2 6750 15 2 4 1850 10 3 6 800 10 4 8 250 5 5 10 90 < 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100  (ms/cm)

• No. of washings

Washing nullifies contamination 10 10

1

10

2

10

3

10

4

10

5

10

6

10

7

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0  (kPa)

w

Contaminated soil Washed soil Difference due to contamination

For geotechnical engineers, it’s very important subject Metal corrosion in undisturbed soils is generally very low regardless of the soil composition (e.g. metal piles, reinforcement of foundation etc.) Corrosion of metal (steel) in disturbed soils (e.g., buried pipelines that are backfilled) is strongly affected by soil conditions & properties. Soil changes its chemical and physical nature continuously over time and seasonally.

Corrosion Potential of Soils

Pipeline damage from pitting/corrosion

• Chloride content
• Moisture content
• Oxygen content/Redox potential
• Soil permeability/texture
• pH/Acidity
• Temperature
• Soil resistivity
• Drainage characteristics
• Sulfate/Sulfite ion concentrations
• Microbiological activity
• Stray currents (from cathodic protection, DC traction

system viz., train, metro)

• Spillage of corrosive substance/pollution

Soil Characteristics & Environmental Variables

Clay in the soil mass reduces movement of air (oxygen) and water, i.e. low aeration, when wet, and hence increase in local (pitting) corrosion. High plasticity of clay (swelling/shrinking soils) can pull off susceptible coatings on the structures. Clay is susceptible to cracking (during wetting-drying cycles) which helps transport of air and moisture to the structures buried in it. Sand promotes aeration and moisture distribution & hence, soluble salts and gases (air/oxygen) are easily transported to structures, causing greater general corrosion but less pitting.

Soil Classification/Texture

Bored Cast in-situ piles

Reinforcement in concrete pile exposed due to leaching of concrete Chloride and Sulphate content of water found well within prescribed limit & hence water not corrosive. Ryzner index (RI) of water was found out to be 7.7 & hence water is corrosive and unsaturated

pH scale for Soils

Langelier Saturation Index (LI)

Determines if calcium carbonate will precipitate or not LI = pH – pHs pH = actual pH value measured in the water pHs = pH of the water in equilibrium with solid CaCO3 If LI > 0 calcium carbonate will precipitate If LI < 0 calcium carbonate won’t precipitate The CaCO3 layer deposited on surfaces acts as a protective coating.

Ryznar Index

Determines the degree of scale formation RI = 2 pHs – pH RI < 5.5 heavy scale will form 5.5 < RI < 6.2 scale will form 6.8 < RI < 8.5 water is corrosive RI > 8.5 water is very corrosive

ASSESSMENT OF CORROSION POTENTIAL OF SOILS

Durability of underground structures is seriously affected by corrosion of the concrete (IS: 456-2000) Specifications for type of cement, minimum cement content, maximum water-cement ratio, etc., to be adopted stringently, based on the exposure

• f the concrete to different concentrations of sulphates in the soil or

ground water. However, for assessment of corrosion potential of underground structures, chemical properties of the soil need to be considered in details. Corrosion is an electrochemical process Certain conditions must exist for the corrosion to occur (corrosion cell)

Effects of soil characteristics on corrosion By Victor Chaker, J. David Palmer ASTM Committee G-1 on Corrosion of Metals

Soil (Electrolyte) Metallic connection Anode Cathode Electric current

Electrochemical reaction

Corrosion

The “Corrosion cell”

Soil  Electrolyte

Therefore properties of soils play a crucial role in accelerating corrosion.

Properties of soils:

Electrical resistivity pH moisture content Porosity sulphate and chlorides content redox potential presence of micro-organism temperature are important for evaluating the corrosion potential of soils (DIN 50929-3). For corrosion, the elements that are soluble in water are important: – Base forming: Na, K, Ca, Mg (raise pH). – Acid forming: Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Chloride ion, Nitrate, and Sulfate (lower pH).

Rating based on the soil fraction Rating based on the electrical resistivity Rating based on the pH Rating Based on the ground water status Rating based on the sulphite content Rating based on the chloride content

Based on different soil characteristics, a certain rating (R1 to R6) for the soils has been assigned and the sum of these ratings is a measure of the overall soil corrosivity.

Rating based on the soil fraction

Soil fraction % by weight R1 Clay & silt <10 +4 10 to 30 +2 30 to 50 50 to 80

• 2

>80

• 4

Organic matter, e.g.: muddy or swampy soils: peat, mud, marsh >5

• 12

Severely polluted: due to fuel ash, slag coal, coke, refuse, rubbish or waste water

• 12

Rating based on the electrical resistivity Resistivity (.m) R2 >500 +4 200 to 500 +2 50 to 200 20 to 50

• 2

10 to 20

• 4

<10

• 6

Rating based on the pH PH R3 >9 +2 5.5 to 9 4.0 to 5.5

• 1

<4

• 3

Higher conductivity: high corrosion rate (efficient electrolyte)

Rating Based on the ground water status Ground water status R4 No groundwater Groundwater

• 1

Groundwater at times -2 Rating based on the sulphite content Sulphite content (g/l) R5 <0.15 0.15 to 1

• 2

1 to 2

• 4

>2

• 6

Rating based on the chloride content Chloride content (ppm) R6 <100 100-2000

• 2

2000-10000

• 4

>10000

• 6

Total assessment of the corrosion potential Summation of R1- R6 R Corrosion potential 0 Virtually not corrosive

• 1 to -4

Slightly corrosive

• 5 to -10

Corrosive < -10 Highly corrosive

Chloride ions: Cause pitting of steel and decrease soil resistivity.

Dissolved Oxygen concentration in the soil moisture determines its RP(potential

• diff. between the electrodes), higher the oxygen content, higher would be the RP

The difference in the RP may lead to the formation of the “corrosion cell” Low soil RP indicates conditions conducive to anaerobic microbiological activities. RP varies with time, moisture content variations, micro-organism activities etc. RP measurements may not be accurate assessment of corrosion potential of soils.

Redox Potential (mV) (Std. H Scale) Aeration Corrosivity >400 strong aeration Noncorrosive 200 to 400 Aeration Weak 100 to 200 weak aeration Moderate 0-100 Non to weak Severe Negative Not aerated Extremely sever

Soil Corrosivity based on Redox (Reduction-Oxidation) Potential ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential)

In well aerated soils, Fe3+ exhibits red, yellow, and brown colors. In poorly aerated soils, the oxygen content is low & soils are gray in color due to reduced state of the Fe.