Study of MRS photodiodes for T2K experiment Yury Kudenko E. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Yury Kudenko

• E. Akhromeev, G. Bondarenko* ), V. Golovin* ),
• E. Gushin, A. I zmailov, M. Khabibullin, A. Khotjantsev,
• B. Lubsandorzhiev, O. Mineev, Yu. Musienko, A. Shaikhiev,
• N. Yershov

I NR, Moscow

* ) CPTA, Moscow

PD07, Kobe, 28 June 2007

Study of MRS photodiodes for T2K experiment

T2K detectors MRS photodiodes parameters tests 400 pixel MPPC’s SMRD detectors with MRS APD’s

PD07, 28 June 2007 PD07, 28 June 2007 Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow 2 2

p π ν

1 4 0 m 0 m 2 8 0 m 2 km 2 9 5 km

• n
• a

x i s

• ff-axis

T2K setup

μ monitor

SK ND280m ND2km

neutrino decay volume

Possible Future T2K-I I

Pi-zero Detector Tracker

TPCs FGDs ECAL

beam

Magnet yoke Magnet coils

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ND280m

Scintillator detectors with WLS fibers

• Individual fiber readout

FGD, POD, Ecal, SMRD, I NGRI D: ∼ 60000 readout channels

• Limited space for photosensors
• Magnetic field

T2K decision in 2004: ND280m baseline photosensor - Multi-pixel Geiger mode avalanche photodiode

INGRID

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Photosensors for T2K

MPPC (Hamamatsu,Japan) 100/ 400 pixels

1 mm

# pixels ≥ 400 Active area 1.0-1.2 mm2 Gain ~ 106 Minimum PDE 12% Bias voltage 25-70 V Dark rate ≤ 1MHz (th = 0.5 p.e.) Pulse width ≤ 50 ns Life time, stability very good MRS APD (CPTA, Moscow) 556 pixels

1.1 mm

(2004-2005)

T2K requirements:

PD07, 28 June 2007 PD07, 28 June 2007 Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow 5 5

2

p − low resistance substrate

+ n − layer

+

Metal electrode for power distribution and pixel isolation Upper electrode ( ) Transparent layer SiO (Geiger discharge area) High density field area

Photosensitive pixel

+ Bias voltage resistor Quenching p −layer

Structure of MRS APD

Number of pixels 556 Sensitive area 1.1 mm2

• Geom. efficiency

75-80% Package ∅ 4.1 mm

MRS APD:

42V (1710) 2004-05 23V 2006 30V 2007

40 μm 1.1 mm

About 300 MRS APD’s were tested in total

PD07, 28 June 2007 PD07, 28 June 2007 Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow 6 6

PDE

Photon detection efficiency (PDE) = QE × εpixel × εGeiger

23V, 30V 42V(1710)

Measurements at

• Temp = 22.5 C
• Vbias is tuned to provide

dark rate ~ 1MHz at th = 0.5 p.e.

PDE at ~ 500-550 nm

42V 10-15% 23, 30V 25-33%

PD07, 28 June 2007 PD07, 28 June 2007 Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow 7 7

Dark rate vs threshold

42V 30V

1pe 3pe 2pe 1pe 2pe Th = 0.5 p.e. → dark rate ~ 1MHz Cross talk < 10%

PD07, 28 June 2007 PD07, 28 June 2007 Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow 8 8

Dark rate vs threshold

MPPC (400pixels) 6 devices

MPPC MRS

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39 40 41 42 43 44 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 PDE Cross-talk Dark rate Bias voltage (V) Dark rate (MHz)

PDE, Cross-talk (%)

Parameters vs Vbias

MRS APD 42V

Operational Vbias ~ 40.5V

MPPC

Operational Vbias ~ 69.85V

~ 90% / V ~ 25% / V

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Operating voltage

ΔV = Vbias- Vbreakdown = a few V MRS APD ΔV = Vbias - Vbreakdown = ≤1 V MPPC

PD07, 28 June 2007 PD07, 28 June 2007 Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow 11 11

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 C)

• Temperature (

Dark rate (MHz)

Temperature dependence

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Signal (p.e.) C)

• Temperature (

MRS APD: 42V, 23V, 30V Dark rate gradient ~ 60kHz/ deg Signal ~ -(2-3)% / deg

PD07, 28 June 2007 PD07, 28 June 2007 Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow 12 12

Temperature dependence

MPPC (400 pixels) Signal ~ -(6-8)% / deg Dark rate ~ (10-12)kHz/ deg

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2

10

3

10

4

10

5

10 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 50 p.e. 100 p.e. 300 p.e. 600 p.e. time (ns) Amplitude ratio

Recovery time

t

1st pulse 50 p.e. 100 p.e. 300 p.e. 600 p.e.

Second pulse A2 100 p.e.

Ratio A2(t)/A2(1st off)

MRS 42V, 23V, 30V

42V quenching R ~ 20MΩ Long recovery time

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separation > 100 nsec separation > 100 nsec Bunch Structure Spill Structure

58ns 58ns 540ns 58ns 540ns 58ns 540ns 58ns 540ns 58ns 540ns 58ns 540ns 58ns 540ns 540ns 58ns

3.53s 3.53s 4.2µs 4.2µs 5.17µs

integration reset Chip Time Structure Readout electronics for POD, ECAL, SMRD, I NGRI D TRI P-t ASI C

2 - 2 -

A.Weber, RAL

8(15) batches

T2K readout

~ 200 ns gate

PD07, 28 June 2007 PD07, 28 June 2007 Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow 15 15

Pulse shape: MRS APD

MRS 23-023 U=25.2 V MRS 1710-047 U=51.6 V MRS 1710-032 U=47.7 V 100 ns 100 ns 100 ns

No tail Long tail Long tail

100 ns MRS 30-03 U=32.2 V Long tail

Small fast component

• Low gain

(0.2-0.4)x106

• Poor single

peak resolution

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MPPC 400 pixels Vbias = 69.85 V

Pulse shape: MPPC

100 ns

PD07, 28 June 2007 PD07, 28 June 2007 Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow 17 17

LED spectra

LED injection MPPC

• M. Raymond, Imperial

LED injection MRS 23V MRS 42V

2.8 μs

PD07, 28 June 2007 PD07, 28 June 2007 Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow 18 18

Long term stability/ Life time

Heat test at 80oC For 3 years ~ 300 MRS APDs have been tested (~ 220 MRS-42V(1710); 40 MRS-23V, 30V and others) 14 (13 MRS-42V and 1 of an old type) APDs died at I NR 10 400 pixel MPPC’s were tested for about 2 months, 1 - for 0.5 year ALL are alive and show stable parameters

PD07, 28 June 2007 PD07, 28 June 2007 Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow 19 19

SMRD counters

Baseline design:

• Extruded scintillator (Vladimir, Russia)

~ 90 x 17 x 0.7 cm3

• Chemical reflector
• One fiber

KURARAY Y11, double clad, ∅1 mm, S-bent, length ~ 2.5 m

• 3 mm deep groove
• Both end readout

UA1/ NOMAD magnet will be instrumented with scintillator counters SMRD

Detection of high energy muons from ν interactions Cosmic trigger for TPC calibration

Physics requirements: Detection efficiency ~ 100% Dark rate < 1MHz (< 100 kHz for cosmic trigger) μ

SMRD comprises of about 2000 counters → 4000 photosensors

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SMRD parameters

• 200
• 150
• 100
• 50

50 100 150 5 10 15 20 25 30 X, mm Light yield, p.e./MIP

Light yield/ MI P time resolution

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 50 100 150 200 250 300

= 38.7 V

bias

V = 40.9 V

bias

V

ADC (ch) N

Beam tes: 1.4 GeV/ c pion MRS APD 42V ADC spectra π

Sum of both ends

PD07, 28 June 2007 PD07, 28 June 2007 Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow 21 21

Beam test with 1.4 GeV/ c pions MRS APD 42V well separated p.e. peaks light yield 15 p.e. timing (σt) 1.5 – 2.0 ns spatial resolution 10-11 cm efficiency (MI P) > 99%

• 800
• 600
• 400
• 200

200 400 600 800 50 100 150 200 250 300 x = -406 mm = 104 mm

x

σ x = 0 mm = 134 mm

x

σ x = 406 mm = 104 mm

x

σ x (mm) N

(a)

• 1000
• 500

500 1000 50 100 150 200 250 x (mm) N x = -406 mm = 324 mm

x

σ x = 0 mm = 398 mm

x

σ x = 406 mm = 330 mm

x

σ

(b)

• 800
• 600
• 400
• 200

200 400 600 800 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 x = -406 mm = 99 mm

x

σ x = 0 mm = 124 mm

x

σ x = 406 mm = 99 mm

x

σ x (mm) N

(c)

Spatial resolution

PD07, 28 June 2007 PD07, 28 June 2007 Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow 22 22

Vbias= 69.8V → l.y. = 22.9 pixels Vbias= 70.0 → l.y. = 31.8 pixels

SMRD with MPPC

S-counter 7mm, cosmic muons, Photosensors: two MPPC’s

PD07, 28 June 2007 PD07, 28 June 2007 Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow 23 23

MRS APD (23V/ 30V) MPPC

# pixels 556 400 PDE, % 25-32 30-33 Dark rate (th= 0.5pe) MHz 1.0 0.3 Cross talk, % < 10 < 20 Gain (0.3-0.5)x106 0.8x106 Pulse shape long tale < 50 ns Single p.e. + - OK Recovery time a few μs ≤ 20 ns Temperature dependence: Signal -(2-3)% / deg -(6-8)% / deg Dark rate 60 kHz/ deg (10-12) kHz/ deg

Parameters of MRS APD’s and MPPC’s

(room temperature)

PD07, 28 June 2007 PD07, 28 June 2007 Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow Yury Kudenko, INR Moscow 24 24

Conclusion

Remarkable progress in GM APD’s for last 2 years MPPC: almost met the T2K requirements MRS APD: problem with pulse shape/ gain long recovery time (?) Lifetime, long term stability should be extensively studied T2K/ ND280 will be the first large experiment/ detector which will use Geiger mode APD’s as photosensors