Study area Map 1 1 6/12/2012 Figure 1. All stone, no brick, but - - PDF document

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Study area Map 1 1 6/12/2012 Figure 1. All stone, no brick, but - - PDF document

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6/12/2012 Performance Observations of the Beijing areas Great Wall Rammed Earth and Rubble Core Great Wall Rammed Earth and Rubble Core , (unrestored sections) David Dark 0 Study area Map 1 1 6/12/2012 Figure 1. All stone, no brick,

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Performance Observations of the Beijing area’s Great Wall “Rammed Earth and Rubble Core” Great Wall Rammed Earth and Rubble Core , (unrestored sections)

David Dark

Study area Map

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Figure 1. All stone, no brick, but Rubble Core. #13 and #14

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Figure 2. All stone, no brick, but Rubble Core. #13 and #14

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Figure 4. Sticky‐Rice and Lime mortar. Typical brick. #5

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Sticky‐Rice and Lime mortar. Typical

  • brick. #8

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Sticky‐Rice and Lime mortar. Disintegrating bricks. #4

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Sticky‐Rice and Lime mortar. Disintegrating bricks. #4

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Sticky‐Rice and Lime mortar. Disintegrating bricks. #4

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Sticky‐Rice and Lime mortar Disintegrating bricks. #4

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Disintegrating Sticky‐Rice and Lime

  • mortar. #4

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Sticky‐Rice and Lime mortar & disintegrating bricks. #5

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Sticky‐Rice and Lime mortar & disintegrating bricks. #5

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Figure 5. Sticky‐Rice and Lime mortar between paving. #5

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Sticky‐Rice and Lime mortar between

  • paving. #8

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Drainage system. #4

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Drainage system. #4

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Water drainage spouts draining the top of a tower. #8

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Drainage channel. #8

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Figure 3. Typical brick on stone

  • construction. Earth foundation. #5

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Typical brick on stone construction. Bedrock foundation. #4

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Figure 6. Rubble Foundation, erosion

  • n very steep incline. #5

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Quarried Stone. Single course

  • foundation. #5

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Mortared Rubble on bedrock. #4

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The exception to the rule! #4

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Another exception! #4

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Quarried Stone. #4

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Quarried Stone. #4

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Quarried Stone at tower base. #4

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Quarried Stone on earth foundation. Badly cracked walls. #8

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Quarried Stone doorpost to left. Rough cut stone bottom. #8

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Quarried Stone. Water drainage spout. #8

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Figure 9. Low wall on high peak. #4

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Figure 10. Foot traffic erosion. #4

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Figure 11. Outward lean. Parapet on right fallen away. #4

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Outward lean & buckle. #4

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Figure 7. Rammed Earth and Rubble side by side. #5

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Rammed Earth and Rubble side by

  • side. #5

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Figure 8. Rubble Core. Brick wall leaning in. #5

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Wall intact but parapet missing. #5

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Figure 12. Outer walls brick walls slipped away. #5

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Slip section with Rammed Earth Core torn and exposed at an angle. #5

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Repairs to a slipped section. #5

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Vegetation in some areas is dense. #8

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Vegetation in some areas is dense. #8

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Rubble Core of a superior nature. #4

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Rubble Core. #4

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Pavers with Rubble Core under. #5

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Rubble Core & pavers. #4

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Rubble Core & pavers. #4

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Rubble Core. #5

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Rubble Core with some foot traffic

  • erosion. #5

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Rubble Core & pavers. #4

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The serpentine nature of the Wall aids

  • longevity. #4

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The serpentine nature of the Wall aids

  • longevity. West of #14

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Rubble Core constructed in courses with mortar between. West of #14

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Rubble Core constructed in courses with mortar between. West of #14

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Rubble Core constructed in courses with earth between. West of #14

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Stone parapets fall far sooner than brick on steep sections. West of #14

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Steeper still the Wall readily falls to

  • pieces. West of #14

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Only 1 course of (removed?) Pavers

  • ver inferior Rubble Core. #8

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Inferior Rubble Core with little earth

  • between. #8

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Inferior Rubble Core with little earth

  • between. #8

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Drainage spouts on an inclined

  • section. #4

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Poor design. #8

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Poor design. #8

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Parapet walls fallen in. Note extreme angle of wall. #8

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Chaotic, but a haven for small animals & plants. #8

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Parapet walls fallen in. Outer wall

  • collapsed. #8

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Large rocks in Rubble Core. #8

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Outer Wall and inner Core meld and bonded together with mortar. #8

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The End!

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