Student residence: the national and local context Prof Darren Smith - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Student residence: the national and local context

Prof Darren Smith (Loughborough) and Prof Phil Hubbard (Kent)

Content

• National trends in student accommodation
• Regulatory approaches: encouraging purpose built

developments (PBSA), limiting HMOs, promoting more cohesive communities?

• Regulating student residence in small towns/cities
• Outcomes: what happens to student

neighbourhoods when students move elsewhere?

• Canterbury: typical or exception?

Studentification

• ‘The replacement and/or displacement of

established residents with a transient, generally young and single social grouping’ (Smith, 2006, UUK Studentification Guide)

• Or ‘the substitution of a local community by a

student community’ (HMO Lobby website, 2004)

• Studentification not simply a rise in the number of

students in a town/city but manifest in a more specific phenomena: recommodification of single- family housing into HMOs

Trends in HE (1960-2014)

Trends in HE (2010/11-2014/15)

Trends in HE (2007-2028)

1750.0 1800.0 1850.0 1900.0 1950.0 2000.0 2050.0 2100.0 2150.0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028

Population aged 18-20 (thousands) Latest projection Previous projection

Studentification: international studies

• North America (ITGA, Michael Fox)
• China (He, Gu)
• Malaysia
• Australia (Shaw and Fincher)
• New Zealand
• Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Spain
• South Africa

Studentification: UK context

• A form of neighbourhood

change driven by potential profits to be made via buy-to-let and HMO markets

• Student housing emerges as

proftable niche with specific practices of subdividing, renting and marketing housing

• Geographically concentrated:

in areas close to HEIs where housing stock lent itself to conversion

Brighton

Studentification: benefits

• Sustains a young and educated population
• Enhances overall spending power and boost the

local economy

• Sustains the high demand for local commercial

services (e.g. from pubs to dentists)

• Supports the hotel/hospitality industry via

parental/ guardian/family/friends visits

• Sustains the provision of sporting facilities and

sport-related services (e.g. physiotherapy).

• Increases the rates of local volunteering
• Extends cultural diversity
• Adds a ‘freshness/energy’

Studentification: environmental challenges

• Frequent noise nuisance
• Overspill/non-collection of refuse bags/

bins and litter

• Fly-tipping of unwanted furniture and

beds, boxes, and white-goods

• Lack of car parking spaces, and

increased traffic congestion on streets.

Studentification: service challenges

• Closure of schools, nurseries and crèches

due to low pupil rolls.

• Growth of student-oriented retail and leisure

provision

• Closure of longstanding local businesses

and services.

• Depopulation of neighbourhood(s) during

academic vacations.

• Lower local revenue due to council tax

exempt properties.

Studentification: housing challenges

• Reduction of total affordable housing

associated with an inflation of property prices

• Rising rental costs due to high demand for

rented housing,

• Transformation of urban landscape via loft

conversions and housing extensions.

• Proliferation of to-let signs, and non-

removal of signs.

Studentification: social challenges

• Higher levels of population transience

and turnover.

• Increasing anxiety of the ‘unfamiliar’

and possible ‘anti-social behaviour’.

• Lower levels of social capital and

participation in local community events/groups.

• Lower levels of electoral voting and

difficulties for politicians to canvas. ¡

Regulating student accommodation

• ‘Policing’ – using public enforcement to react to

compaints (noting use of student marshalls, third sector policing)

• ‘Managing affect’ – using campaigns to change

expectations and behaviour of students and non- students

• ‘Market mechanisms’ – encouraging students to

leave HMOs for purpose built accommodation

• ‘Law and statute’ – using licensing and planning

law to prevent new student housing

Studentification in small towns

• 95% of towns and cities with Universities have

above average numbers of HMOs in local housing stock (c.f 73% seaside communities)

• Around 5% of UK popn defined by ONS as living in

‘student neighbourhoods’ (key feature: few 0-14 year olds but many 18-24 years olds)

• Likelihood of living in one of these neighbourhoods

higher in smaller University towns (e.g. Canterbury, Aberystwyth, Durham, Loughborough, Exeter)

Most studentified wards in England & Wales

2011$ward Households Student$house Percentage E05001427$:$Headingley 6238 2051 33 E05001103$:$North$Jesmond 3668 1204 33 E05001834$:$Dunkirk$and$Lenton 3738 1217 33 W05000088$:$Menai$(Bangor) 697 226 32 W05000857$:$Cathays 6192 1841 30 E05007983$:$Elvet 1668 452 27 W05000699$:$Treforest 1665 450 27 W05000059$:$Deiniol 553 149 27 W05000363$:$Aberystwyth$Canol/Central 1022 273 27 E05001043$:$Broomhill 5708 1430 25 E05001202$:$Selly$Oak 8194 1979 24 E05008734$:$Hanley$Park$and$Shelton 2140 511 24 E05003503$:$St$James 2366 542 23 E05001107$:$South$Jesmond 4086 927 23 E05002081$:$Drake 3695 768 21 E05000717$:$Withington 4753 975 21 E05004918$:$St$Stephens 3915 780 20 W05000364$:$Aberystwyth$Gogledd/North 864 162 19 E05001969$:$Westmoreland 2216 396 18 E05005440$:$Loughborough$Southfields 2520 448 18 E05005441$:$Loughborough$Storer 2204 390 18 W05000366$:$Aberystwyth$Rheidol 1216 215 18 E05001429$:$Hyde$Park$and$Woodhouse 9073 1585 17 W05000548$:$Uplands 5888 1020 17

Most studentified wards in England & Wales

2011 ward All residents in households Full-time students in all-student households Percentage E05001834 : Dunkirk and Lenton 10,691 5,581

52

E05001103 : North Jesmond 10,646 5,294

50

W05000088 : Menai (Bangor) 2,147 1,067

50

E05001427 : Headingley 18,548 9,137

49

W05000363 : Aberystwyth Canol/Central 2,465 1,178

48

W05000857 : Cathays 17,522 8,311

47

E05007983 : Elvet 4,081 1,822

45

W05000059 : Deiniol 1,492 652

44

E05001043 : Broomhill 16,542 7,142

43

E05003503 : St James 6,198 2,675

43

E05002081 : Drake 9,570 3,765

39

E05001107 : South Jesmond 9,913 3,799

38

W05000699 : Treforest 4,461 1,704

38

E05001202 : Selly Oak 24,190 9,180

38

E05008672 : Garden Quarter 4,943 1,724

35

W05000364 : Aberystwyth Gogledd/North 1,879 642

34

E05000717 : Withington 13,366 4,450

33

E05008734 : Hanley Park and Shelton 5,652 1,869

33

W05000366 : Aberystwyth Rheidol 2,725 869

32

W05000548 : Uplands 15,197 4,812

32

E05004918 : St Stephens 10,311 3,178

31

E05001429 : Hyde Park and Woodhouse 21,922 6,581

30

E05005440 : Loughborough Southfields 6,277 1,877

30

E05001837 : Radford and Park 18,417 5,299

29

Loughborough

• 13600 students

(2008/09) doubled in size from 1991

• Students make

up considerable portion of 57,600 term time population (2007 estimate)

Loughborough - HMOs

• Storer Ward:
• 5572 pop, 2068

households (2001)

• Between April 2000 and

April 2001, 1,455 18-24 years olds moved in; 828 18-24 year olds moved out

• 1428 whole households

(69%) – but just 2681 people (48%) - remained at same address

PBSA in Loughborough

• Loughborough

Wharf - town centre site earmarked for mixed use development

• Savills acquired for

£9.25m in 2007 as part of Student Halls Fund, opened Sept 2007

PBSA in Loughborough

Destudentification

Destudentification

Canterbury case study

• At ward level, student pop doubled in St Stephens

and Westgate 2001-2011; lesser rise in Northgate but the population of students here exceeded 15%

• At a micro-level, number of neighbourhoods

(Lower Super Output Areas) with more than 15% student population increased from 16 to 22

2011$Ward Residents Students %$Students

E05004918 : St Stephens 10,311 3,178

31

E05004916 : Northgate 6,208 1,159

19

E05004924 : Westgate 9,841 1,587

16

E05004903 : Barton 9,711 1,273

13

E05004925 : Wincheap 8,797 771

9

E05004904 : Blean Forest 2,276 139

6

E05004909 : Harbledown 2,448 67

3

E05004921 : Sturry South 2,823 16

1

E05004920 : Sturry North 2,788 10 E05004905 : Chartham and Stone Street 5,868 21

Canterbury 2011, student population %

St Stephens (studentified) Northgate (studentified) Barton (studentifying) Westgate (studentifying) Wincheap (potential studentification)

Canterbury case study: trends

Canterbury case study

• 31646 students registered at Canterbury but only
• approx. 18,000 full and part-time students live in the

city in term-time (including those who live with parents) (not 40,000 as local media suggest)

2009/10 ¡ 2012/13 ¡ 2013/14 ¡ 2014/15 ¡ University ¡accommoda8on ¡bedspaces ¡ 5783 ¡ 6517 ¡ 6481 ¡ 7579 ¡ PBSA ¡ 275 ¡ Students ¡in ¡all-­‑student ¡households ¡ 7471 ¡ 10386 ¡ 10170 ¡ 8083 ¡ Sole ¡student ¡occupier ¡ 342 ¡ 363 ¡ 483 ¡ 669 ¡ Parental ¡Home ¡ 935 ¡ Not ¡known/other ¡ 359 ¡ Total ¡ 13596 ¡ 17266 ¡ 17134 ¡ 17900 ¡

Canterbury: trends

13-­‑14 ¡ 14-­‑15 ¡ Campus ¡accommoda8on ¡ 5732 ¡ 4889 ¡ PBSA ¡ 18 ¡ 20 ¡ Living ¡with ¡parents ¡ 429 ¡ 609 ¡ Owh ¡house ¡ 169 ¡ 108 ¡ Rented ¡ 7375 ¡ 7034 ¡ Total ¡in ¡CT1/2 ¡ 13723 ¡ 12662 ¡

• University of Kent data suggests rise in students

resident in Canterbury (C1/CT2 postcodes) living with parents (local University) and decline in those living in HMOs

Issues for discussion

• Are we seeing destudentification?
• Will challenges of studentification simply diminish

as destudentification takes effect?

• Are there negatives of destudentification? What

happens if we have fewer students living in HMOs?

• How can we increase the positives of

studentification at the same time as managing destudentification?