Structure and resilience of fungal communities in Alaskan boreal - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Structure and resilience of fungal communities in Alaskan boreal - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Structure and resilience of fungal communities in Alaskan boreal forest soils D. Lee Taylor Ian C. Herriott Jack W. McFarland Michael G. Booth Photographer: Roger Ruess Summary of Three Fungal Community Structure Studies I. Two broad

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Structure and resilience of fungal communities in Alaskan boreal forest soils

  • D. Lee Taylor

Ian C. Herriott Jack W. McFarland Michael G. Booth Photographer: Roger Ruess

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Summary of Three Fungal Community Structure Studies I. Two broad surveys, 1) UP and 2) TKN black spruce sites

  • a. Inter-annual variation
  • b. Successional dynamics

II. 3) Intra-annual variation, single spruce site

  • III. Conclusions
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Coupling Diversity with Function: Metagenomics

  • f Boreal Forest Fungi

USDA-NSF Microbial Genome Sequencing Program, 2003-2007

Goals

  • Fill out sequence space for Alaskan fungi
  • Sporocarps
  • Soil DNA
  • Determine how to adequately sample fungi in soil
  • Characterize fungal community structure within the BNZ

LTER site across time space and time

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BNZ Upland “UP” Core Sites; Interior Alaska Black Spruce TKN Sites

Upland

  • 9 sites: UP1a, b, c - early successional

UP2a, b, c - mid successional UP3a, b, c - late successional Black spruce

  • 12 sites:
  • 3 dry, acidic
  • 3 wet, acidic
  • 3 dry, non-acidic
  • 3 wet, non-acidic
  • Sampled same locations in 2004, 2005
  • 50 cores per site/sampling date, 2100 cores total
  • Cores divided into organic and mineral fractions;

fractions pooled within sites

Co-conspirators: Jack McFarland Teresa Hollingsworth Roger Ruess Niall Lennon Chad Nusbaum

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2 4 6 8 10 12 Cortinarius collinitus Rhizoscyphus ericae Rhizoscyphus ericae Cortinarius cf. sani Russula laricina Phialophora sp. auri Urnula helvelloides Cortinarius vibratilis Piloderma olivaceu Trichophaea cf. hybr Candida tepae Amphinema byssoides Botryosphaeria corticis Russula fellea Clitocybe lateritia Phialocephala fortinii Piloderma fallax Hebeloma bruchetii Wilcoxina rehmii Tylospora asterophora Amphinema byssoides Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus Hydnellum cyanopodium Russula aeruginea Paraglomus occultum Inocybe flocculosa Hygrophorus pudorinus Russula persicina Candida tepae Piloderma sp. A18 Relative Proportion Black Spruce Early Deciduous White Spruce

Distributions of 30 Dominant Taxa

Dominants have strong host preferences

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NMS Ordination: UP and TKN black spruce sites, separate years

Low year-year variation within a site

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Black spruce Upland

  • rganic

mineral

  • rganic

NMS Ordination: UP and TKN black spruce sites, years combined

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Factor Effect size, A Significance, p Horizon (Mineral vs. Organic) 0.03074992 < 0.00000001 Stand (Upland vs black spruce) 0.06293753 < 0.00000001 Year

  • 0.00067788

0.57493865

Tests for fungal community differentiation: multiple response permutation procedure

Upland + black spruce differ; horizons differ; year-year variation insignificant

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UP1 UP2 UP3

NMS Ordination: UP only, years combined

1) Strong structure by stage 2) Greatest variation in early stage

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Community dissimilarities by successional stage

Greatest variation in early succession

F = 4.17, p = 0.036

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Summary of Three Fungal Community Structure Studies I. Broad surveys, UP and TKN black spruce sites

  • a. Inter-annual variation
  • b. Successional dynamics

II. Intra-annual variation, single spruce site

  • III. Conclusions
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Part 2: Seasonal Dynamics?

  • Sampled 1 site (white/black spruce) : August „04,

October „04, February „05 and May „05

  • cores into: Litter, Humic, Mineral
  • 10 pooled cores per sampling date
  • ~9500 clones analyzed

Ian Herriott Niall Lennon Chad Nusbaum

  • D. Lee Taylor
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Fall Summer Winter Spring

NMS Ordination: Humic horizon

1) Seasons have different communities 2) Summer most distinct

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Summary of Three Fungal Community Structure Studies I. Broad surveys, 1) UP and 2) TKN black spruce sites

  • a. Inter-annual variation - resilence
  • b. Successional dynamics - strong habitat

and horizon prefs, most variable early II. 3) Intra-annual variation - detectable dynamics

  • III. Conclusions
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Funding Sources and Supporting Agencies

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Thanks!

Michelle Augustyn Jynene Black Michael Booth Dan Cardin József Geml Hope Gray Ian Herriott Scott Hillard Teresa Hollingsworth Sarah Hopkins Jason Hunt Shawn Huston Tom Marr Jack McFarland Chad Nusbaum Gary Laursen Niall Lennon Jim Long Mitali Patil Roger Ruess Ina Timling

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Indicator Species Blast ID Rank Abundance Indicator of Ecology Subphylum Family Seasonal indicator species in the Humic Horizon Tricholoma orirubens 1 Winter ECM Agaricomycotina Tricholomataceae Piloderma lanatum 4 Spring ECM Agaricomycotina Atheliaceae Orbilia auricolor 6 Summer Sap Pezizomycotina Orbiliaceae Piloderma lanatum 7 Summer ECM Agaricomycotina Atheliaceae Cortinarius erythrinus 8 Spring ECM Agaricomycotina Cortinariaceae Seasonal indicator species in the Mineral Horizon Tricholoma orirubens 1 Summer ECM Agaricomycotina Tricholomataceae Piloderma lanatum 4 Summer ECM Agaricomycotina Atheliaceae Cortinarius erythrinus 8 Summer ECM Agaricomycotina Cortinariaceae Orbilia auricolor 10 Spring Sap Pezizomycotina Orbiliaceae

Indicator species status among the 10 most frequent OTUs in the seasonal study

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Take-Home Messages:

  • Inter-annual stability of communities (resilience)
  • Extreme structure by soil horizon
  • Divergence in horizon preferences among closely

related taxa (fine niche-partitioning => lower resilience)

  • Detectable seasonal shifts in structure (resilience)
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5 10 15 20 25

Number of Clones

50 100 150 200 250

1 12 15 22 39 40 51 109 119 122 123 126 Number of Clones

Mineral Clones Organic Clones

Cortinarius collinitus Cortinarius flexipes Black Spruce Site

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Study, Site Description Site Codes

  • Col. Year

Soil Horizons # of Soil Cores # of DNAs Clones Sequenced White Spruce, seasonal study, DNA UAF 2004-5 litter, humic, mineral 160 20 9216 White Spruce, seasonal study, RNA-DNA UAF 2007 humic 1 2 4,224 Early successional upland mixed forest UP1a, UP1b, UP1c 2004, 2005

  • rganic, mineral

300 12 18048 Mid-successional upland mixed forest UP2a, UP2b, UP2c 2004, 2005

  • rganic, mineral

300 12 12288 Late successional upland mixed forest UP3a, UP3b, UP3c 2004, 2005

  • rganic, mineral

300 12 12288 Dry acidic black spruce TKN0012 2004, 2005

  • rganic, mineral

100 4 9216 Dry acidic black spruce TKN0122 2004, 2005

  • rganic, mineral

100 4 9216 Dry acidic black spruce TKN0001 2004, 2005

  • rganic, mineral

100 4 9216 Moist acidic black spruce TKN0015 2004, 2005

  • rganic, mineral

100 4 9216 Moist acidic black spruce TKN0022 2004, 2005

  • rganic, mineral

100 4 9216 Moist acidic black spruce TKN0109 2004, 2005

  • rganic, mineral

100 4 9216 Dry nonacidic black spruce TKN0039 2004, 2005

  • rganic, mineral

100 4 9216 Dry nonacidic black spruce TKN0123 2004, 2005

  • rganic, mineral

100 4 9216 Dry nonacidic black spruce TKN0126 2004, 2005

  • rganic, mineral

100 4 9216 Moist nonacidic black spruce TKN0051 2004, 2005

  • rganic, mineral

100 4 9216 Moist nonacidic black spruce TKN0119 2004, 2005

  • rganic, mineral

100 4 9216 Moist nonacidic black spruce TKN0040 2004, 2005

  • rganic, mineral

100 4 9216 TOTALS 2160 90 162,432*

Summary of Coring and Sequencing Efforts

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Study I: Fungal diversity in 0.25g of boreal forest soil

Co-conspirators: Michael Booth Jack McFarland Ian Herriott Roger Ruess Niall Lennon Chad Nusbaum

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Summary Stats

  • Total clones sequenced

17664

  • Too short, >2% Ns, non-fungal or ITS missing

8209

  • Chimeras identified

258

  • Clones remaining

9197

  • D8
  • final sequences

4880

  • OTUs

276

  • Singleton OTUs

162

  • H4
  • final sequences

4317

  • OTUs

218

  • Singleton OTUs

105

  • Combined OTUs

433

  • Shared D8-H4 OTUs

60

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200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

OTU

Rank Abundance Plot, Core D8

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50 100 150 200 250 300 350 48.8 244 439.2 634.4 829.6 1025 1220 1415 1610 1806 2001 2196 2391 2586 2782 2977 3172 3367 3562 3758 3953 4148 4343 4538 4734 Number of Clones Mao Tau

D8 Species Accumulation Curve

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100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 48.8 244 439.2 634.4 829.6 1025 1220 1415 1610 1806 2001 2196 2391 2586 2782 2977 3172 3367 3562 3758 3953 4148 4343 4538 4734 Number of Clones Chao 1

Estimated Actual Number of Species

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500 1000 1500 2000 2500 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 OTU

Dominants from soil cores ~1m apart

D8 H4

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0109M4&M5 Rarefaction Curves

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Number of Clones M4 Mao Tau M5 Mao Tau M4&M5 Mau Tau M4&M5 Chao 1

We have not saturated within site/sample diversity

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All Sites Rarefaction Curve

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 Number of Clones Mao Tau Chao 1

We HAVE saturated overall diversity across these sites (enough sequences)

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All Sites by Plot Rarefaction Curve

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 5 10 15 20 25 Number of Plots Mao Tau Chao 1

More sites would yield more species

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Ephemeral, clumped, large + small genets, appearance unpredictable Diverse, intermixed, clumped to over- dispersed

???

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Soil Microbial Seasonal Dynamics Plot

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 <--North South-->

B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T A