States, Greenland, the British Isles, Scandinavia and Africa Rock - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mountain belts across the United States, Greenland, the British Isles, Scandinavia and Africa Rock similarities between Africa and South America

160 myo

Iceland

India is still colliding with Asia

450 mi Much less pressure and heat, light material, liquid or semiliquid Less pressure and heat, but less Less pressure high dense material, heat, dense material, so solid liquid High pressure and heat, dense 1800 mi 1400 mi 750 mi material-solid

Quiet as stress builds Slippage Quiet as stress builds

=point above focus =slippage

2010 — Haiti — 200,000 (?) dead; magnitude=7.0 1989 — San Francisco — 62 dead, damages of $6 billion; magnitude=7.1 1994 — Los Angeles — 51 dead, damages of 15 billion; magnitude=less than 6.9 1906 — San Francisco — 1500 dead; magnitude=8.2 1960 — Chile — 5700 dead; magnitude=9.5 (highest) 1811 — St. Louis — dead ?; magnitude=8.0? 1886 — Charleston — 60 dead; magnitude=7.3? 1976 — China — 240,000 dead; magnitude=7.6 1556 — China — 830,000 dead; magnitude=? 2004 — Southeast Asia — 0; magnitude=9.1 2005 — Southeast Asia — 1000+, magnitude=8.7

Displacement can create a huge seismic wave called a tsunami

Seismo- graph

Wave (back) from other Close to side of epicenter Earth (1.5 hrs) Initial Initial wave wave (front) returns (20 min) (2 hrs)

Epicenter

Magnitude 6.0 Date-Time Tuesday, September 28, 2004 at 17:15:24 (UTC) - Coordinated Universal Time Tuesday, September 28, 2004 at 10:15:24 AM local time at epicenter Time of Earthquake in other Time Zones Location 35.81N 120.37W Depth 8 kilometers Region CENTRAL CALIFORNIA Reference 30 km (20 miles) SW of Avenal, California 35 km (20 miles) S of Coalinga, California 35 km (25 miles) ENE of Paso Robles, California 325 km (200 miles) SSE of SACRAMENTO, California Remarks Minor damage (VI) at Parkfield and San Miguel. Felt (V) at Avenal, Bradley, Coalinga, Paso Robles, Shandon and Templeton. Felt throughout central California from Sacramento and San Francisco south as far as Los Angeles and Orange County.

Strike- slip

Dip-slip Hanging wall Footwall

Grand Tetons Normal faulting

Normal faults in Hawai’i

Glacier National Park Reverse faulting

Strike-slip fault

Vertical and horizontal Falls away

Movement down and away

F O L D

Faults Fold

Stress Folding Intense folding Faulting

Basin Dome

600 400 200 55 Dome 2

2 55 200 400 Basin 600

Map courtesy Michigan Department of Conservation

Large magma chamber Eruption Without support, crater collapses Small cinder cone forms

Lava tubes

Pillow lava

Bomb Cooled lava

Bombs Blocks

Cinders 2.5 inches to 1/16 th

Ash/dust Tuff