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Hydraulic Fracturing in Nevada J. Berton Fisher, Ph. D., CPG, RPG (TX #0201) University of Tulsa & Lithochimeia, LLC Source: U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and

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SLIDE 1

Hydraulic Fracturing in Nevada

  • J. Berton Fisher, Ph. D., CPG, RPG (TX #0201)

University of Tulsa & Lithochimeia, LLC

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SLIDE 2
  • U. S

. Crude Oil Reserves Increasing

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011

  • U. S. Crude Reserves (MMBbl) 198 1-20 11

Crude Reserves (MMBbl)

Source: U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, available at http:/ / www.eia.gov/ dnav/ pet/ pet_ crd_ pres_ dcu_ NUS_ a.htm

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SLIDE 3
  • U. S

. Crude Oil Production Closes Gap on Imports

500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011

  • U. S. Crude Production and Im ports (MMBbl)

198 1-20 13

Crude Production (MMBbl) Crude Imports (MMBbl)

Source: U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency, Crude Oil and Other Liquids, U. S. Imports of Crude Oil, available at http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=pet&s=mcrimus1&f=m

  • U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency, Crude Oil and Other Liquids, Crude

Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, available at http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_crd_pres_dcu_NUS_a.htm

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SLIDE 4

Key Technologies

  • Horizontal Drilling
  • Hydraulic Fracturing
  • U. S. Oil Turnaround!
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SLIDE 5

Goodbye and Hello

Energy S ecurity means minimizing vulnerability to energy supply disruptions and the resulting volatile and disruptive energy pricing.

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SLIDE 6

Nevada Oil and Gas Y esterday & Today

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SLIDE 7

Sources: compiled from Hess, R.H., Henson, M.A., Davis, D.A., Limerick, S.H., Siewe, S.S., and Niles, M., 2011, Oil and gas well information for Nevada

  • 2011 update: Nevada Bureau of Mines

and Geology Open-File Report 11-6, portable hard drive, 105 GB.

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SLIDE 8

Nevada Produces Oil and Gas TODAY

  • Wells

▫ ~ 740 drilled ▫ ~100 producing ▫ 11 water injection

  • Recent Oil Production

▫ July-Aug 2013: 57,225 bbl ▫ July-Aug 2012: 61,371 bbl ▫ Water : Oil ~ 17:1

  • Cumulative Production

▫ Oil 39,998 ,90 2 bbl ▫ Water 135,561,8 0 9 bbl ▫ Water : Oil ~ 3.4:1

Sources: compiled from Hess, R.H., Henson, M.A., Davis, D.A., Limerick, S.H., Siewe, S.S., and Niles, M., 2011, Oil and gas well information for Nevada - 2011 update: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 11-6, portable hard drive, 105 GB.

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SLIDE 9

Nevada Oil Production 1960-2013

500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 BBLs – 1,0 0 0 s

Source: U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, State Energy Data System (SEDS): 1960-2011 (Complete), Released: June 28, 2013, Available at: http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds-data-complete.cfm?sid=NV#CompleteDataFile and Nevada Commission of Mineral Resources, Division of Minerals, Nevada Oil Patch - bi- monthly production reports, Nov/Dec 2013; Nov/Dec 201212, available at http://minerals.state.nv.us/formspubs_ogg.htm#Nevada_Oil_Patch

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SLIDE 10

Recent Nevada Production

2,000 7,000 12,000 17,000 22,000 27,000 32,000

Nevada Oil Production (bbls/ m onth)

Nevada Commission of Mineral Resources, Division of Minerals, Nevada Oil Patch - bi- monthly production reports, Nov/Dec 2013; Sep/Oct 2013; Jul/Aug 2013; May/Jun 2013; Mar/Apr 2013; Jan/Feb 2013; Nov/Dec 2012; Sep/Oct 2012, available at http://minerals.state.nv.us/formspubs_ogg.htm#Nevada_Oil_Patch

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SLIDE 11

Elko County Oil and Gas Wells 2001

  • ~70 drilled; oil and gas shows
  • No current producers
  • Two historic fields

▫ Deadman Creek

 (May 1997 – 387 bbl / 0 bbl H2O)

▫ Toano Draw

 (Jan 2007 – 1,964 bbl / 29,121 bbl H2O)

Sources: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada at Reno, Production and Injection Data for Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Wells in Nevada, Oil and Gas Production Data by Field, available at http://www.nbmg.unr.edu/lists/Production/Oil/oil_production/dead_man_creek/ and http://www.nbmg.unr.edu/lists/Production/Oil/oil_production/toana_draw/

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SLIDE 12

Nevada and Oil and Gas TOMORROW

  • Nobel Energy, Inc (Wilson Play/Tabor Flats)

▫ Vertical exploration wells ▫ Elko Formation (Eocene-Oligocene) ▫ 350,000 acres (66% private land) ▫ Oil found ▫ Flow test planned 2014 ▫ Project ~50,000 bbls/day by year end 2014  Current Nevada production ~30,000 bbls/month ▫ $130,000,000 invested over next four years ▫ Acreage might hold 1 billion barrels or more.

Helman, C. 2013. Far-Flung Noble Energy Believes In Oil And Gas 'Diversification‘. Forbes 12/18/2013 http://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2013/12/18/far-flung-noble-energy-believes-in-oil-and-gas-diversification/ Personal communication, Lee Hinman, Noble Energy, 2014

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SLIDE 13

Sources: Compiled from Hess, R.H., Henson, M.A., Davis, D.A., Limerick, S.H., Siewe, S.S., and Niles, M., 2011, Oil and gas well information for Nevada

  • 2011 update: Nevada Bureau of Mines

and Geology Open-File Report 11-6, portable hard drive, 105 GB; Las Vegas Review Journal, January 8, 2013 Available at http://www.reviewjournal.com/busines s/energy/oilgas-search-fracking-comes- nevad

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SLIDE 14

Nevada Oil and Gas Tomorrow

Las Vegas Review Journal, January 8, 2013 Available at http://www.reviewjournal.com/business/energy/oilgas-search-fracking-comes-nevada

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SLIDE 15

Noble’s Play

Elko Daily Free Press, January 23, 2013 Noble Energy plans extensive test drilling in Elko County Available at: http://elkodaily.com/news/local/noble-energy-plans-extensive-test-drilling-in-elko- county/article_04d1b8e0-6506-11e2-b38a-001a4bcf887a.html

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SLIDE 16

SOURCE: Anna, L. O., et al.

  • 2007. Geologic Assessment of

Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources

  • f

the Eastern Great Basin Province, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, and Arizona. Chapter 2: Geologic Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas in the Paleozoic– Tertiary Composite Total Petroleum System

  • f

the Eastern Great Basin, Nevada and Utah . U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS–69–L

Elko Fm.

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SLIDE 17

Terms of Engagement

  • The author Henry Brean’s words

▫ “The Silver State is about to get fracked.” ▫ “… use of pressurized fluid to smash oil and gas from previously untapped shale deposits…”

Las Vegas Review Journal, January 8, 2013 Available at http://www.reviewjournal.com/business/energy/oilgas-search-fracking-comes-nevada

Las Vegas Review Journal, January 8, 2013

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SLIDE 18

Terms of Engagement

  • Brean Quoting Ron Mrowka, Center for

Biological Diversity:

▫ “poison groundwater, foul the air and lead to chemical spills and other contamination near drill sites” ▫ “would include wells 6,000 to 14,000 feet deep, putting them thousands of feet below the groundwater table” ▫ "Fracking is not a good thing," he said. "We don't feel there is a safe way to do it."

Las Vegas Review Journal, January 8, 2013 Available at http://www.reviewjournal.com/business/energy/oilgas-search-fracking-comes-nevada

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SLIDE 19

The facts about fracturing

  • One Million Hydraulic Fractures: Hydraulic

fracturing was first used in 1947 in an oil well in Grant County, Kansas, and by 2002, the practice had already been used approximately a million times in the United States.

  • Nearly all wells are hydraulically fractured: Up

to 95% of wells drilled today are hydraulically fractured, accounting for more than 43% of total U.S. oil production and 67% of natural gas production.

National Petroleum Council, 20 11. PRUDENT DEVELOPMENT: Realizing the Potential of North Am erica’s Abundant Natural Gas and Oil Resources, available at http://www.npc.org/reports/NARD-ExecSummVol.pdf

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SLIDE 20
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SLIDE 21

Environmental Issues

  • Water Requirements
  • Surface Releases
  • Subsurface Releases
  • Chemicals Used
  • Induced Seismicity
  • Disposal of Flowback Water
  • Air Emissions
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SLIDE 22

1 2 3

Environmental Concerns Related to Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid and Brine

Potential Pathways for Exposure to Fluids:

  • Upward from deep, hydraulically

fractured target formation to shallow groundwater

  • Migration of a surface spill to

groundwater

  • Migration of a surface spill to a

stream or river

Source: Gradient. 2013. National Human Health Risk Evaluation for Hydraulic Fracturing Additives. Report to Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. 169p., available at http:/ / www.energy.senat e.gov/ public/ index.cfm/ files/ serve? File_id=53a41a7 8-c06c-4695-a7be-84225aa7230f

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SLIDE 23

Water Requirements

  • Water and sand 99.5 percent of fracturing fluid
  • Water is primary carrier fluid

Play Drilling Fracturing Total Water Used -Millions of Gallons /well Barnett 0.3 3.8 4.1 Fayetteville 0.1 4.0 4.1 Haynesville 0.6 5.0 5.6 Marcellus 0.1 5.5 5.6

Source: Chesapeake Energy, (2010), “Chesapeake energy - shale gas information,” Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, cited by Mielke, E. et. al, 2010. Water Consumption of Energy Resource Extraction, Processing and Conversion Avaliable at: http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ETIP-DP-2010-15-final-4.pdf Accessed 02/19/2014 http://www.chk.com/Media/CorpMediaKits/Water_Use_Fact_Sheet.pdf, http://www.chk.com/Media/MarcellusMediaKits/Marcellus_Water_Use_Fact_Sheet.pdf, http://www.chk.com/Media/BarnettMediaKits/Barnett_Water_Use_Fact_Sheet.pdf, http://www.chk.com/Media/HaynesvilleMediaKits/Haynesville_Water_Use_Fact_Sheet.pdf, http://www.chk.com/Media/FayettevilleMediaKits/Fayetteville_Water_Use_Fact_Sheet.pdf.

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SLIDE 24

Water Use

  • Noble’s Project < 0.4% of Elko County’s Current Water Use

▫ Elko County  Largest water user in Nevada

 933,041 acre feet/yr (24% of State’s Use)

▫ Noble’s 20 well project

 Assume 5,600,000 gallons water/well (17.1 acre-ft)  20 wells @ 17.1 acre-feet/well  343.6 acre-feet

▫ Even at 5.6 million gallons/well, drilling and completing 543 wells/year would only be 1% of Elko County’s current water use. ▫ Noble is not competing with farmers and ranchers for water – unallocated deeper groundwater to be used ▫ Noble’s actual water use < 1 million gallons/well (3.06 acre-ft)

Source: Elko County Nevada Water Resource Management Plan 2007Available at http://www.leg.state.nv.us/74th/Interim_Agendas_Minutes_Exhibits/Exhibits/Lands/E060608F

  • 1.pdf ; Personal communication, Lee Hinman, Noble Energy, 2014
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SLIDE 25

Water Use

  • Industry recognizes that competition for water

use is a major issue

▫ Recycle/re-use water is the direction the industry is taking ▫ Industry increasingly using saltier water

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SLIDE 26

Environmental Issues

  • Water Requirements
  • Surface Releases
  • Subsurface Releases
  • Chemicals Used
  • Induced Seismicity
  • Disposal of Flowback Water
  • Air Emissions
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SLIDE 27

S urface Releases

  • Nevada proposed hydraulic fracturing

regulations require that during hydraulic fracturing all liquids be contained in steel tanks

  • Industry practice is to isolate fluids from the

environment

  • Surface releases from equipment failures are

noticed and addressed immediately

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SLIDE 28
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SLIDE 29

Environmental Issues

  • Water Requirements
  • Surface Releases
  • Subsurface Releases
  • Chemicals Used
  • Induced Seismicity
  • Disposal of Flowback Water
  • Air Emissions
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SLIDE 30

S ubsurface Releases – The Hype

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SLIDE 31
  • Fracturing takes

place 1,000s of feet below freshwater aquifers

S ubsurface Releases - Reality

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SLIDE 32

Theoretical Upper Limit to Hydraulic Fracture Height Growth

( )

3 / 1 2

1 3       − Ω = υ π

n

P a E V Height

shape factor driving stress Poisson’s ratio (how much the sides of a block of rock bulge in response to being compressed) elastic modulus of rock (how much the rock squishes in response to an applied pressure) volume of HF fluid

S

  • urce: Flewelling, S

.A., Tymchak, M.P ., Warpinski, N.E. 2013. " Hydraulic Fract ure Height Limit s and Fault Int eractions in Tight Oil and Gas Format ions." Geophysical Research Let t ers, 40, 3602– 3606, doi:10.1002/ grl.50707 Available at ht t p:/ / onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/ 10.1002/ grl.50707/ pdf .

fracture aspect ratio

Volume of Fluid Used = Volume of Hydraulic Fracture Produced

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SLIDE 33

Microseismic Estimates of Fracture Heights

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SLIDE 34

Greene County Pennsylvania Site

UD-1 UD-2 UD-5 MW-1 MW-2 MH 1-6

Source: Hammack, R. et al., Use of Perfluorocarbon Tracers to Detect the Migration of Gas from Hydraulically Fractured Marcellus Shale Wells. IPEC, San Antonio, TX November 13, 2013, Available at http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2013/Manuscripts_pdfs/GreeneCountySite.pdf

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SLIDE 35

Vertical Extent of Microseismicity above Well Perforations

Source: Flewelling, S.A., Tymchak, M.P., Warpinski, N.E. 2013. " Hydraulic Fracture Height Limits and Fault Interactions in Tight Oil and Gas Formations." Geophysical Research Let t ers, 40, 3602– 3606, doi:10.1002/ grl.50707. Source: Sheorey, P. R. 1994. A theory for in situ stresses in isotropic and transverseley isotropic rock. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 31, no. 1: 23-34.

Horizontal Fractures Vertical Fractures

Fractures extend only about 400-500 feet from wellbore

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SLIDE 36

The Real Threat to Groundwater

  • Bad cement Jobs!
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SLIDE 37

Nevada Regulations

  • Extensive and specific requirements for

▫ Casing ▫ Cementing

  • 14 day notice to landowners/lessors of hydraulic

fracturing

  • Cement bond log must be certified by operator
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SLIDE 38

Environmental Issues

  • Water Requirements
  • Surface Releases
  • Subsurface Releases
  • Chemicals Used
  • Induced Seismicity
  • Disposal of Flowback Water
  • Air Emissions
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SLIDE 39

Chemicals Used

Source: Shale Gas Prim er, GWPC and ALL

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SLIDE 40

Chemicals Used

Source: Shale Gas Prim er, GWPC and ALL

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SLIDE 41

Chemicals Used

Source: Shale Gas Prim er, GWPC and ALL

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SLIDE 42

Nevada Regulations

  • Operator must insure that chemicals proposed

to be used for hydraulic fracturing are only those chemicals listed on the division’s web page.

  • A sundry notice (Form 4) must be submitted to

the division for approval at least 30 days before hydraulic fracturing if there are any chemicals proposed to be used that are not listed.

  • Report amount and type of chemicals used to

FracFocus (www.fracfocus.org)

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SLIDE 43

Environmental Issues

  • Water Requirements
  • Surface Releases
  • Subsurface Releases
  • Chemicals Used
  • Induced Seismicity
  • Disposal of Flowback Water
  • Air Emissions
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SLIDE 44

Induced S eismicity

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SLIDE 45

Induced S eismicity

Energy Technology Num ber

  • f

Projects Induced Events Felt Felt Events Maxim um Magnitude Num ber with M > 4 .0 Mechanism Location

  • f

M > 2.0 Events

Waterflooding ~ 108,000 (wells) One or more @ 18 sites 4.9 3 Pore pressure increase AL, CA, CO, MS, OK, TX EOR ~13,000 (wells) None known None known Pore pressure increase None known Hydraulic Fracturing ~35,000 (wells) 1 2.8 Pore pressure increase OK Production ~ 6,000 (fields) 20 sites 6.5 5 Pore pressure increase CA, IL, NB, OK, TX Water Disposal ~30,000 (wells) 9 4.8 7 Pore pressure increase AR, CO, OH

Hitzman, M. W., et al. 2013. Induced Seismicity Potential in Energy Technologies, The National Academies Press, Available at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13355

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SLIDE 46

Induced S eismicity

Energy Released

  • Rock Strength
  • Size of rupture
  • Displacement on rupture
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SLIDE 47

Induced S eismicity

Seismic Moment = µ * (Rupture Area) * (Fault Offset) Mw = 2 / 3 * log(Seismic Moment) - 10.73

Las Vegas S t rip Home Plat e t o 1st Base

500 foot fracture (152.4 meters) Rock Strength Displacement

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SLIDE 48

Maximum S eismic Moment

Maximum seismic moment and magnitude as functions

  • f total volume of injected

fluid from the start

  • f

injection until the time of the largest induced earthquake. The equation along the solid line relates the upper bound seismic moment to the product of the modulus of rigidity and the total volume

  • f injected fluid.

Source: McGarr, A. 2014. Maximum magnitude earthquakes induced by fluid injection, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 119, doi:10.1002/2013JB010597. 5.6 million gallons 1.6 million gallons

In the U.S . 3 reported earthquakes induced by permeability-enhancing treatments in unconventional oil and gas fields that were large enough to be felt at the surface.

The McGarr line tells you the m axim um m agnitude you co uld get if you are very unlucky.

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SLIDE 49

Environmental Issues

  • Water Requirements
  • Surface Releases
  • Subsurface Releases
  • Chemicals Used
  • Induced Seismicity
  • Disposal of Flowback Water
  • Air Emissions
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SLIDE 50

Disposal of Flowback Water

  • Nevada Regulations

▫ All liquids contained in steel tanks ▫ Method and location of final disposal of returned liquids must be approved by the Division before removal from well location.

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SLIDE 51

Disposal of Flowback Water

  • Numerous Options

▫ Recycle/Re-use ▫ Subsurface injection ▫ Onsite vacuum distillation

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SLIDE 52

Environmental Issues

  • Water Requirements
  • Surface Releases
  • Subsurface Releases
  • Chemicals Used
  • Induced Seismicity
  • Disposal of Flowback Water
  • Air Emissions
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SLIDE 53

Air Emissions

  • Diesel exhaust
  • Gas flares
  • Hydrocarbon vapor
  • Dust
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SLIDE 54

Air Emissions

  • EPA 40 CFR Parts 60 and 63

▫ Oil and Natural Gas Sector: New Source Performance Standards and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Reviews; Final Rule

 Anticipate ~ 95 percent reduction in VOC emissions from hydraulically fractured wells.

 Prevent gas/vapor escape  Capture escaping gas/vapor and put into sales line

▫ Federal Register - August 16, 2012; Volume 77 No. 159 p. 49490-49600

See: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-08-16/pdf/2012-16806.pdf; also see USEPA Oil and Natural Gas Air Pollution Standards, available at http://www.epa.gov/airquality/oilandgas/

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SLIDE 55

Air Emissions

  • Diesel

▫ New Technology Diesel Engines and Reformulated Diesel Fuel ultra-low emissions of

 Sulfur  Aromatics  Particulates

▫ Limited time footprint

 Emissions only during drilling and completion

Long, C. M. and Valberg, P. A. 2013. Recent Developments Related to the Health Effects of Diesel Exhaust (DE): Implications for Hydraulic Fracturing and Oil & Gas

  • Development. IPEC, San Antonio, TX November 13, 2013, Available at

http://ipec.utulsa.edu/Conf2013/Manuscripts_pdfs/CMLong.pdf

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SLIDE 56

Air Emissions

  • Gas Flares

▫ Controlled burning of gas

 Safety  Production testing

▫ Gas only flared until it can be sold ▫ Methane and low molecular weight hydrocarbons burn cleanly

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SLIDE 57

Dust

  • Issue during drilling and completion of well

▫ Crew rotation ▫ Supply and equipment delivery

  • Nevada Air Permit – ZERO DUST EMISSION

▫ Dust suppression on unpaved roads ▫ Limit speeds (15 mph) / monitor performance

Personal communication, Lee Hinman, Noble Energy, 2014; also see NAC 445B.22037 Emissions of particulate matter: Fugitive dust, available at http://www.leg.state.nv.us/nac/nac- 445b.html

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SLIDE 58

Environmental Issues

  • Water Requirements
  • Surface Releases
  • Subsurface Releases
  • Chemicals Used
  • Induced Seismicity
  • Disposal of Flowback Water
  • Air Emissions
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SLIDE 59

Environmental Answers

  • Nevada’s Proposed Hydraulic Fracturing

Regulations

▫ Comprehensive ▫ Stringent ▫ Transparent

  • Standard Industry Practice
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SLIDE 60

The facts about fracturing

  • Nearly 70 Years of Experience: Hydraulic fracturing

was first used in 1947 in an oil well in Grant County, KS

  • One Million Hydraulic Fractures: By 2002, ~ a million

hydraulic fractures completed in the United S tates.

  • Nearly all wells are hydraulically fractured: Up to

95%

  • f wells drilled today are hydraulically fractured.
  • Responsible for much U.S. energy production: More

than 43%

  • f total U.S

. oil and 67%

  • f U.S

. natural gas production from hydraulically fractured wells

National Petroleum Council, 2011. PRUDENT DEVELOPMENT: Realizing the Potential of North America’s Abundant Nat ural Gas and Oil Resources, available at ht t p:/ / www.npc.org/ report s/ NARD-ExecS ummVol.pdf

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SLIDE 61

The facts about fracturing

  • Consumptive water use minimized; recycling

maximized

  • Thousands of feet separate freshwater aquifers from

shale resource rocks

  • Hydraulic fractures cannot

▫ Reach shallow groundwater ▫ Induce large seismic events

  • In Nevada

▫ Stringent cementing and casing regulations ▫ Hydraulic fracturing fluids are isolated in steel tanks ▫ Flowback disposal must be pre-approved

National Petroleum Council, 2011. PRUDENT DEVELOPMENT: Realizing the Potential of North America’s Abundant Nat ural Gas and Oil Resources, available at ht t p:/ / www.npc.org/ report s/ NARD-ExecS ummVol.pdf

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SLIDE 62

The facts about fracturing

  • Environmental viability affirmed by multiple

studies

▫ U.S

. DOE and Ground Water Protection Council - 2009

▫ U.S

.EP A – 2004

  • No verified cases of underground drinking water

contaminat ion from hydraulic fracturing

▫ Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission - 2009

National Petroleum Council, 2011. PRUDENT DEVELOPMENT: Realizing the Potential of North America’ s Abundant Natural Gas and Oil Resources, available at http:/ / www.npc.org/ reports/ NARD-ExecSummVol.pdf