SOLITON PATTERNS FORMATION IN FIBER LASERS F. Sanchez 1 , M. Salhi 1 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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SOLITON PATTERNS FORMATION IN FIBER LASERS F. Sanchez 1 , M. Salhi 1 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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SOLITON PATTERNS FORMATION IN FIBER LASERS F. Sanchez 1 , M. Salhi 1 , A. Komarov 1,2 , F. Amrani 1 , A. Niang 1 1 Laboratoire de Photonique dAngers EA 4464, Universit dAngers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49000 Angers, France 2 Institute of Automation

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 1

SOLITON PATTERNS FORMATION IN FIBER LASERS

  • F. Sanchez1, M. Salhi1, A. Komarov1,2, F. Amrani1, A. Niang1

1Laboratoire de Photonique d’Angers EA 4464, Université d’Angers,

2 Bd Lavoisier, 49000 Angers, France

2Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Russian Academy of Sciences,

Acad Koptyug Pr. 1, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia

francois.sanchez@univ-angers.fr

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 2

Outline of the presentation

  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Nonlinear polarization rotation fiber laser
  • 3. Figure-of-eight laser
  • 4. 10 W NLPR fiber laser
  • 5. Conclusion
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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 3

  • 1. Introduction

Fiber laser operating in the anomalous dispersion regime

Tot 2

< β

Soliton regime (energy quantization)

High pumping power Multiple pulsing 100 - 1000 pulses / cavity round-trip

T=1/FSR

Soliton interactions Soliton pattern formation Self-organized (or disorganized) structures analogous to the states of the matter gas, liquid or solid

Negative GVD

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 4

Control of dispersion

Experimental setup

Er:Yb amplifier Control of nonlinear losses

Doped Core 1st Clad Signal Pump Polymer

DSF (β2 > 0) SMF28 (β2 < 0) Er/Yb DCF (β2 < 0) VSP Pump @ 980 nm PBS λ/4 10/90 Coupler Isolator PC Output (10%) λ/4 λ/2 VSP Rejection port

ps 04 . L

2 Tot 2

< − = β

Mode-locking through nonlinear polarization rotation

Double-clad structure

  • 2. NLPR fiber laser

T= 105 ns Pp= 3.3 W Soliton regime

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 5

Soliton Gas

  • 2. NLPR fiber laser

Time distribution Optical spectrum

  • 380 solitons
  • Fill all the available space along

the cavity gas

  • Delays strongly vary
  • No spectral modulation

no mutual coherence between pulses

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 6

Soliton Gas

  • 2. NLPR fiber laser

Autocorrelation trace Histogram of the delays

  • No regular distribution
  • Large pedestal solitons are

in perpetual relative movement

Analogous to a gas of solitons

ps 236 = τ ∆ ps 207 = σ τ

∆

Mean value Standard deviation

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 7

Soliton Liquid

  • 2. NLPR fiber laser

Time distribution Optical spectrum

  • 400 solitons
  • Fill only a small part of the

the cavity liquid or solid

  • Solitons move liquid
  • Small spectral modulation

small mutual coherence between pulses

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 8

Soliton Liquid

  • 2. NLPR fiber laser

Autocorrelation trace

  • Small pedestal solitons are

in perpetual relative movement

  • Difficult to characterize due to the

small separation between pulses and to their perpetual movement (bound states can be created and destroyed)

Analogous to a liquid of solitons (or clusters of solitons)

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 9

Soliton Polycrystal

  • 2. NLPR fiber laser

Time distribution Optical spectrum

  • 520 solitons
  • Fill only a small part of the

the cavity liquid or solid

  • Solitons at rest solid
  • No order at large scale glass
  • Moderate spectral modulation

mutual coherence between pulses

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 10

Soliton Polycrystal

  • 2. NLPR fiber laser

Autocorrelation trace

  • No pedestal solitons are at rest
  • Order at small scale microcrystal

23ps Triangular envelop bound-state of 8 solitons Incoherent mixture of bound-state of variable number of solitons

Analogous to a polycrystal of solitons

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 11

Soliton Polycrystal

  • 2. NLPR fiber laser

How many bound-state in the pattern ? How many solitons in the different bound-states ? Regular spectral modulation constant pulse separation in all bound-states, 23 ps Bound-states

k

T ∆

For a given bound-state k, the number of pulses is obtained from

ps 23 ) ps ( T N

k k

∆ =

This is repeated for every ‘packet’ of solitons visible in the temporal trace

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 12

Soliton Polycrystal

  • 2. NLPR fiber laser

Histogram of the number the bound-states containing a given number of solitons

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 13

Soliton Crystal

  • 2. NLPR fiber laser

Time distribution Optical spectrum

  • 480 solitons
  • Fill only a small part of the

the cavity liquid or solid

  • Solitons at rest solid
  • Strong spectral modulation

mutual coherence between pulses

  • Regular modulation pulses

are equidistant

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 14

Soliton Crystal

  • 2. NLPR fiber laser

Autocorrelation trace

  • Equidistant and identical pulses

Bound-state of hundreds of solitons

pulses 480 ps 23 ns 11 N ≈ =

Analogous to a crystal of solitons

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 15

Mode-locking through a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror

PC Output 20 % PC ISO DSF

Nonlinear Amplifying Loop Mirror (NLAM)

SMF 28 Er/Yb DCF

50/50 Coupler

Pump @

980nm (4W)

Pump @

980nm (4W)

Unidirectionnal ring (UR)

T= 136 ns Pp= 3.2 W

Experimental setup

  • 3. Figure-of-eight fiber laser

ps 04 . L

2 Tot 2

< − = β

Soliton regime

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 16

Soliton Gas

  • 3. Figure-of-eight fiber laser

Time distribution Autocorrelation trace

  • Fill all the available space along

the cavity and perpetual movement gas

  • Large pedestal perpetual movement
  • No spectral modulation

no mutual coherence between pulses

Analogous to a soliton gas

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 17

Soliton Liquid

  • 3. Figure-of-eight fiber laser

Time distribution Autocorrelation trace

  • The solitons fill only a small part of the cavity and are in relative motion.
  • The autocorrelation trace exhibits some sharp and nearly equidistant peaks revealing that

there exist some clusters of solitons.

  • The optical spectrum points out a small modulation which suggests that a small coherence

starts to occur between pulses

Analogous to a liquid of solitons (or clusters of solitons)

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 18

Soliton Polycrystal

  • 3. Figure-of-eight fiber laser

Autocorrelation trace: equidistant peaks with a nearly triangular envelope soliton crystals. Optical spectrum: strong modulation constant phase relation between pulses inside a crystal (strong mutual coherence).

Incoherent mixture of nearly identical bound-state

Analogous to a polycrystal of solitons

Optical spectrum Time distribution Autocorrelation trace

  • 100
  • 75
  • 50
  • 25

25 50 75 100 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Nearly triangular envelop

Intensity (a.u.) Delay (ps)

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 19

14.5 ps

Soliton Crystal

  • 3. Figure-of-eight fiber laser

7 ns Time distribution Optical spectrum

  • Regular train of identical and equidistant pulses
  • Strong spectral modulation

strong mutual coherence between pulses Bound-state of hundreds of solitons Autocorrelation trace

pulses 480 ps 5 . 14 ns 7 N ≈ =

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 20

  • Peaks: solitons are at rest
  • Plateaus: solitons move
  • Autocorrelation trace: regular distribution inside the

peaks

  • Optical spectrum: small mutual coherence

Alternate series of solid and liquid states

Diphasic Mixture

  • 3. Figure-of-eight fiber laser

Time distribution Optical spectrum Autocorrelation trace

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 21

The total electric field consists in an incoherent superposition of alternate solid and liquid states

Odd n’s: cristal. Even n’s: liquid

∑ ∑

= =

          ∆ − =

N 1 n n 1 j j n

T t E ) t ( E

  • 3. Figure-of-eight fiber laser

Diphasic Mixture

Reconstruction

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 22

  • 4. 10 W NLPR fiber laser

Experimental setup

Output 10%

10 W Er:Yb DCF Amplifier 10 W Er:Yb DCF Amplifier

Control

Coupler 50/50%

Isolator

Starter Starter

DSF

Polarizing Isolator PC PC

All-fiber laser

ps 12 . L

2 Tot 2

< − = β

T= 152.9 ns Pp= 15 - 25 W

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 23

  • 4. 10 W NLPR fiber laser

Pp = 15 W

9.3 ns 10 ps

Soliton crystal

pulses 930 ps 10 ns .3 9 N ≈ =

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 24

  • 4. 10 W NLPR fiber laser

Pp = 15 W → 25 W

When the pumping is increased, the crystal extent first grows and then the crystal undergoes a dislocation resulting in a splitting into different parts

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 T

Intensity (a.u.) Time (ns) Increasing intensity

Instability of a soliton crystal of large extent

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 25

  • 4. 10 W NLPR fiber laser

Pp = 25 W

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06

T=152,9 ns

Time (ns) Intensity (a.u.)

2,5 ns

  • 100
  • 50

50 100 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

10 ps

Delay (ps) Intensity (a.u.)

Harmonic regime of soliton packets: 50th harmonic Each packet is a regular train of about 50 identical and equidistant solitons 2500 solitons coexist in the cavity !

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 26

1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600

  • 60
  • 40
  • 20

1560 1565 1570

  • 40
  • 20

CW λ (nm)

Intensity (a.u.)

λ (nm)

  • 4. 10 W NLPR fiber laser

Pp = 25 W

  • Spectral modulation strong

mutual coherence between solitons

  • CW component characteristic of

HML

Passive harmonic mode-locking of soliton crystals !

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4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 27

Soliton patterns analogous to the states of matter Comparative study of soliton patterns formation in 1 W F8L and NLPR- based fiber lasers Universality of the soliton complexes which are independent of the exact mode-locking mechanism New patterns involving distinct soliton phases Harmonic Mode-Locking of soliton crystals in a 10 W NLPR-based fiber laser Important results for the development of universal dynamical models

Acknowledgements

  • We thank the Agence Nationale de la Recherche for supporting this work

(Contract ANR-2010 BLANC-0417-01- SOLICRISTAL).

  • We are grateful to EEC for partial financial support.
  • 5. Conclusions
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SLIDE 28

4-8 June 2012 Solitons, Collapses & Turbulence Novosibirsk - RUSSIA 28 1.

  • A. Komarov, K. Komarov and F. Sanchez, “Quantization of binding energy of structural solitons in passive

mode-locked fiber lasers”, Phys. Rev. A 79, 033807, 2009. 2.

  • F. Amrani, A. Haboucha, M. Salhi, H. Leblond, A. Komarov, Ph. Grelu and F. Sanchez, “Passively mode-

locked erbium-doped double-clad fiber laser operating at the 322nd harmonic”, Opt. Lett. 34, pp. 2120-2122, 2009. 3.

  • F. Amrani, A. Haboucha, M. Salhi, A. Komarov and F. Sanchez, “Dissipative solitons compounds in a fiber

laser : analogy with the states of the matter”, Appl. Phys. B 99, pp.107-114, 2010. 4.

  • A. Komarov, K. Komarov, D. Meshcheriakov, F. Amrani and F. Sanchez, “Polarization dynamics in nonlinear

anisotropic fibers”, Phys. Rev. A 82, 013813, 2010. 5.

  • F. Amrani, M. Salhi, H. Leblond, and F. Sanchez. “Characterization of soliton compounds in a passively mode-

locked high power fiber laser”. Opt Com. 283, pp. 5224-5230, 2010. 6.

  • F. Amrani, M. Salhi, Ph. Grelu, H. Leblond and F. Sanchez, “Universal soliton pattern formations in passively

mode-locked fiber lasers”, Opt. Lett. 36, pp.1545-1547, 2011. 7.

  • F. Amrani, M. Salhi, H. Leblond, A. Haboucha and F. Sanchez, “Intricate solitons state in passively mode-

locked fiber lasers”, Opt. Express 19, pp.13134-13139, 2011. 8.

  • F. Amrani, A. Niang, M. Salhi, H. Leblond and F. Sanchez, “Passive harmonic mode locking of soliton

crystals”, Opt. Lett. 36, pp. 4239-4241, 2011. 9.

  • A. Komarov, F. Amrani, A. Dmitriev, K. Komarov, D. Meshcheriakov and F. Sanchez, “Dispersive wave

interaction between ultrashort pulses in passive mode-locked fiber lasers”, Phys. Rev. A 85, 013802, 2012.

References Thank you for your attention !