Assessing Entrepreneurial Intentions in a Plural Society. Evidence from Trinidad and Tobago. Dr. Wynette Harewood; Dr G. Saha; Prof. F. Liñán. MSBM Conference 2017 Montego Bay, Jamaica.
PRESENTATION OUTLINE 1.Research Context • T&T’s socio -economic environment • T&T’s Entrepreneurship Challenges • Research Questions 2.Research Model and Hypotheses 3.Methodology 4.Key Findings 5.Implications of Findings November 2017 W. Harewood 2
1.R .RESEARCH CONTEXT: : TR TRINIDAD & TOBAGO Entrepreneurship Challenges Socio – Economic Environment 1.Low entrepreneurial culture • 37 % adult population desire to be an entrepreneur Economic (Bailey, Pacheco et al. 2014 ). • Oil and gas economy; downstream industries • TEA 8.5% (2014); 11.5 %( 2013). • GNI per capita $US14,370 (2013). • To be an entrepreneur not a career choice for • Economic growth avg > 2.8 % since university graduates (UWI 2015). 1960’s • Low unemployment 3.7 % (2013). 2.Inequity in business ownership amongst different ethic groups. Social • Syrian/Lebanese community disproportionally • Pop 1.3million successful as entrepreneurs( Chua and • Plural society (Furnivall 1948) Rubenfeld 2014). • Characteristics of a plural society • Under-representation of PAO in some types of (Furnivall 1948; Premdas 1996). entrepreneurial activities. November 2017 W. Harewood 3
1.R .RESEARCH CONTEXT:Research Questio ions 1. Do individuals in T&T from different ethnic backgrounds have significantly different personal values systems regarding entrepreneurship? 2(a). Which personal values effect the entrepreneurial aspirations or intentions of Trinbagonians? 2(b). What are the strengths of the effects identified in 2(a)? November 2017 W. Harewood 4
2. 2. PV PV-EI RESEARCH MODEL Perceived Attitudes towards Entrepreneurship Personal Values Entrepreneurial S ubjective Dimensions Intention Norms Liñán and Chen( 2009). Schwartz(1994) Perceived Behavioural Control Personal Socio – Cultural Environment November 2017 W. Harewood
2. . HYPOTHESES H1.The priority individuals attach to Self-transcendence value will be negatively related to Entrepreneurial Intention. H2.The priority individuals attach to Openness-to-Change values will be positively related to Entrepreneurial Intention. H3.The priority individuals attach to Self-enhancement values will be positively related to Entrepreneurial Intention. H4.The priority individuals attach to Conservation values will be negatively related to Entrepreneurial Intention. H5.Socio-cultural variables moderate the effect of personal values on Entrepreneurial Intention. November 2017 W. Harewood 6
3. . METHODOLOGY Survey Research Reporting Data Analysis Population Instrument • SEM technique. • Descriptive • Working • PV-EI statistics, validity & • Factor analysis- professionals Questionnaire. exploratory, reliability managerial • Measurement- confirmatory, group coefficients. positions, post- Likert scale. confirmatory. • 4 GOF Indexes graduate studies. • Regression analysis • 41observed • Statistical • Cross-sectional • Path analysis. indicators. significance of test data. • Descriptive statistics. • Demographic data. result 95%, alpha • T&T nationals. • SPSS AMOS18. • Administration- level 0.05 ( one-tail on-line or pencil test). paper. November 2017 W. Harewood 7
4.K .KEY FIN INDINGS: : Demographic ics Sex % Ethnicity % Age % Employment % n=404 n=389 n=404 n=411 Female 59 Persons of African 37 36 Private company 51 origin 23-29yrs Male 41 Persons of East 27 Public sector 43 Indian origin 30-36 yrs. 29 organisation Family-owned business 5 Mixed 30 37-43yrs 17 In process of starting a 1 Other 3.6 44-50yrs 10 new business 50+yrs 7 N= 411 51 % response rate November 2017 W. Harewood 8
4. . KE KEY FIN INDINGS: : Perso sonal l Valu lue Preferences Personal Ethnic Groups Value Types (differences in Personal Value p value F statistic preferences ) Security 5 Persons of African Origin and Mixed p= 0.03 *F (2,386) = 3.43, p =0.03 Benevolence Persons of African Origin and Mixed p=0.03 *F (2,386) = 3.19, p=0.04 12 Achievement Persons of African Origin and Persons of East p=0.01 *F (2,318) = 4.12, p=0.01 13 Indian Origin Power 17 Persons of African Origin and Mixed p=0.01 Persons of African Origin and Persons of p=0.03 *F (2,386) = 5.29, p=0.00 East Indian Origin Universalism Persons of African Origin and Mixed p=0.00 19 Persons of East Indian Origin and Persons of *F (2,386) = 6.62, p=0.00 African Origin p=0.00 Hedonism 21 Persons of African Origin and Mixed p=0.00 *F (2, 386) =6.09, p=0.00 15 Personal NO significant differences in preferences Values (71%) *Significant level p < 0.05 N=411 November 2017 W. Harewood 9
4.K .KEY FIN INDINGS: : Perso sonal l Val alue P references cont’d Personal Value Ethnic Groups Dimensions P value F statistic ( differences in Personal Value preferences) Self- transcendence Persons of African Origin and Mixed p=0.01 *F (2,386) = 4.42, p =0.01 Persons of African Origin and Persons of East Self-enhancement p=0.01 *F(2,386)=3.92,p=0.02 Indian Origin Conservation NO significant differences in preferences Openness – to – Change NO significant differences in preferences *Significant level p < 0.05 N=411 November 2017 W. Harewood 10
4.KEY FINDING: PV-EI PATH DIAGRAM R 2 = = 38 % acc acceptable Model Fit Indexes Not ote: predicator variables explain 40 % or less GFI.910;CFI.948; RMSEA;.043; X 2 /df 1.773 of the outcome variable ( Liñán and Chen 2009). (df 352; X 2 624.032; p .000) November 2017 W. Harewood 11
4. KEY FINDING: Hypotheses Testing • H1: not supported ..not tested . H1. The priority individuals attach to Self- transcendence value will be negatively related to Entrepreneurial Intention. • H2: partial support. Affect is indirect through antecedents. H2. The priority individuals attach to Openness- to-Change values will be positively relate to EI. • H3: Supported. H3. The priority individuals attach to Self- enhancement values will be positively related to Entrepreneurial Intention. H4. The priority individuals attach to • H4: Supported. Conservation values will be negatively related to Entrepreneurial Intention. H5. Socio-cultural variables moderate the effect • H5 Partial support. of personal values on Entrepreneurial Intention. Ethnicity not a significant variable in the PV-EI relationship. Prior entrepreneurial experience is. November 2017 W. Harewood 12
5. . IM IMPLICATIONS OF FIN INDINGS 1. Adds to the growing body of entrepreneurship research in the English-speaking Caribbean using predictive, cognitive based models . 2. Creates a pathway for future indigenous research on the causal effect of personal values on entrepreneurial behaviour . 3. Validate the reliability of intention-based entrepreneurial models in different cultural environments. 4. Findings can inform strategies to change the entrepreneurial mind- set of individuals through personal value modification. November 2017 W. Harewood 13
THANK YOU. November 2017 W. Harewood 14
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