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Ren Lehwe-Litzmann Social investment by labour-market policy in Europe since the wake of the crisis: Increased need in the face of (nationally unequally) limited means [Sozialinvestive Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Europa seit dem Vorabend der

  1. René Lehweß-Litzmann Social investment by labour-market policy in Europe since the wake of the crisis: Increased need in the face of (nationally unequally) limited means [Sozialinvestive Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Europa seit dem Vorabend der Krise: Gestiegener Bedarf angesichts (national unterschiedlich) begrenzter Mittel] Fachgespräch am ifz „In Menschen investieren – nur wie? Zur Perspektive der Sozialinvestitionen“ Salzburg, 16.02.2017 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 1

  2. Eurostat LMP expenditure data ● Labour Market Policy (LMP) data includes – services (e.g. counselling, administration) – measures (Training, employment incentives, supported employment and rehab., direct job creation, start-up incentives) – “ALMP” – supports (Out-of-work income maintenance and supports, early retirement) – “PLMP” ● Three target groups: – Unemployed, employed at risk, inactive persons ● Different units: – % of GDP and PPS per person wanting to work 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 2

  3. Spending blocks: orders of size Most expenditure is for PLMP , less for ALMP , and least for services. Between 2006 and 2014: Rising trend for spending on aggregate, declining trend for spending per person wanting to work. 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 3

  4. Levels of LMP spending by country 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 4

  5. Ranks of aggregate expenditure – overall LMP 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 5

  6. Ranks of expenditure per person wanting to work – overall LMP 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 6

  7. Relationship of aggregate and per person-wanting-to-work expenditure Aggregate spending and spending per person wanting to work highly correlated. Italy and Poland spend much on aggregate, few per head. Luxemburg and Norway vice versa. 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 7

  8. Relationship of aggregate and per person-wanting-to-work expenditure Ambivalent relationship: Labour-market dynamics make that in observation period, spending per person wanting to work went down in some countries, while the aggregate burden rose. 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 8

  9. “Active” and “passive” LMP: Are there ALMP- and PLMP-countries? 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 9

  10. Before crisis: rather high vs. low spending than ALMP vs. PLMP 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 10

  11. Relationship between ALMP and PLMP (aggregate) Before crisis: hardly any real “ALMP-” and “PLMP-countries”, but correlation between A- and P-LMP… …while after the crisis there are countries with more PLMP than ALMP (IT, CY) or vice versa (SE, HU, LU). 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 12

  12. Relationship between ALMP and PLMP (per capita) Per head: almost linear relationship of ALMP and PLMP before the crisis (outliers: NO, SE, BE) After, countries still characterised either by high or by small ALMP/PLMP expenditure, but dispersion bigger. 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 15

  13. Spending dynamics during the crisis years 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16

  14. Spending dynamics: Austria 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 17

  15. Spending dynamics: Czech Republic 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 18

  16. Spending dynamics: Italy 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 19

  17. Spending dynamics: Norway 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 20

  18. Spending dynamics: Hungary 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 21

  19. Spending dynamics: Portugal 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 22

  20. Spending dynamics: Luxemburg 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 23

  21. Spending dynamics: The Netherlands 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 24

  22. Spending dynamics: Spain 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 25

  23. National spending dynamics in the crisis years: Overview ● Strong fluctuation (bold in table) in most countries (18 out of 26) ● Dissociation between ALMP and PLMP in a majority of countries (16 out of 26) → Changing structure of LMP ● Dissociation between aggregate and per capita spending in one third of countries (9 out of 26) → Sign of overburdening? ● Complete alignment in 6 out of 26 countries, complete dissociation in 5 out of 26 countries aggregate & per person alignment dissociation alignment AT, CZ , FI, FR, LV , SI DE, EL, LU, PT supports & measures BE, BG, EE, HU, IE, IT, LT, dissociation CY, DK, ES, NL, PL MT, NO, RO, SE 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 26

  24. Levels and trends of individual categories of ALMP 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 27

  25. Levels and trends of ALMP Turbulent spending dynamics in the crisis years. All ALMP categories increased from 2007/08 to 2010 on aggregate, while most declined in spending per person wanting to work. 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 28

  26. Levels and trends of ALMP: Austria 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 29

  27. Levels and trends of ALMP: Spain 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 30

  28. Levels and trends of ALMP: Italy 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 31

  29. Levels and trends of ALMP: Hungary 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 32

  30. Aggregate spending on ALMP before vs. after the crisis In 2013/2014, countries spend more money on employment incentives, supported employment and direct job creation than before the crisis. Training expenditure stagnant on aggregate. 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 34

  31. Per-person spending on ALMP before vs. after the crisis Per person , expenditure rather went down between 2006/2007 and 2013/2014 for each ALMP category except direct job creation. 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 35

  32. Social investment – a multiplier of inequality? 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 37

  33. LMP spending driven by need? Countries with higher unemployment (top of graph) do not generally seem to spend a larger part of their GDP on labour-market policy. 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 38

  34. LMP spending driven by need? There is clearly more spending per head on LMP where there is less unemployment. 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 39

  35. LMP spending driven by capacity? Spending seems driven by fiscal capacity: Richer countries clearly spend more on LMP per person wanting to work. 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 40

  36. LMP spending driven by capacity? Spending seems driven by fiscal capacity: Richer countries clearly spend more on LMP per person wanting to work. 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 41

  37. LMP spending driven by capacity? Countries with higher GDP tend to spend a larger part of it on LMP (except very rich: fewer labour-market problems) 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 43

  38. LMP spending driven by capacity? Countries with higher GDP tend to spend a larger part of it on LMP (except the very rich: fewer labour-market problems) 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 44

  39. Some signs of convergence? Since the wake of the crisis, (absolute) spending per head has decreased most sharply in countries which formerly spent a lot per head. 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 47

  40. Some signs of convergence? In relative terms, LMP spending per head has decreased most in countries with limited initial spending: Greece, Cyprus, Portugal, Spain. (Exception: LU). But it increased most in countries with the lowest initial spending. 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 48

  41. Some signs of convergence? Concerning ALMP , relative spending increases have been most prominent in some Eastern countries like Estonia, Hungary, Czech Republic. Yet, they also started from a very low level. 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 16.02.2017 René Lehweß-Litzmann 50

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