So What Has So, What Has So, What Has So What Has Vision Done For - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
So What Has So, What Has So, What Has So What Has Vision Done For Vision Done For Vision Done For Vision Done For Me Lately? Me Lately? Me Lately? Me Lately? Prepared for ICBO Prepared for ICBO Prepared for ICBO Prepared for ICBO
Prepared for ICBO Prepared for ICBO Prepared for ICBO Prepared for ICBO Ontario, CA Ontario, CA By: R. A. Hohendorf OD By: R. A. Hohendorf OD April 2010 April 2010
“We need vision for
“We need vision for two
two quite different
quite different
We need vision for We need vision for two
two quite different
quite different but complementary but complementary reasons
reasons
We need vision to give us detailed knowledge
We need vision to give us detailed knowledge
We need vision to give us detailed knowledge
We need vision to give us detailed knowledge
– knowledge knowledge that allows us to recognize things from minute that allows us to recognize things from minute t at a o s us to ecog e t gs
t at a o s us to ecog e t gs
to minute and day to day to minute and day to day
We also need vision to guide our actions in
We also need vision to guide our actions in g that world at the very moment they occur” that world at the very moment they occur”
Vision is the deriving of meaning and
Vision is the deriving of meaning and
Vision is the deriving of meaning and
Vision is the deriving of meaning and direction of action as triggered by light direction of action as triggered by light
It is our dominant sensory system
It is our dominant sensory system
It is our dominant sensory system
It is our dominant sensory system
It is a pervasive process of the human being
It is a pervasive process of the human being
It i t d ti It i t d ti
It is not accommodation, convergence,
It is not accommodation, convergence, depth perception, visual closure, eyesight, depth perception, visual closure, eyesight, i l it no i l field i l it no i l field visual acuity nor visual fields visual acuity nor visual fields
These are some parts of the visual process
These are some parts of the visual process
Vision is more than the sum of its parts
Vision is more than the sum of its parts
Principles Supported By Modern Neuro Principles Supported By Modern Neuro-
Science
An emergent is more than the sum of its
An emergent is more than the sum of its
An emergent is more than the sum of its
An emergent is more than the sum of its parts parts Vision is not the only emergent Vision is not the only emergent
Vision is not the only emergent
Vision is not the only emergent
Vision is a continuum in constant flux
Vision is a continuum in constant flux
Visual memory is our past
Visual memory is our past
Eyesight is the present
Eyesight is the present
Visual imagery is the possibilities of the future
Visual imagery is the possibilities of the future
The problem with looking at parts and
The problem with looking at parts and
The problem with looking at parts and
The problem with looking at parts and reductionist thinking reductionist thinking Clock example (thank you Rob Lewis) Clock example (thank you Rob Lewis)
Clock example (thank you Rob Lewis)
Clock example (thank you Rob Lewis)
Vision in particular is very difficult to look
Vision in particular is very difficult to look t t d d t d i it l it t t d d t d i it l it at parts and understand in its complexity at parts and understand in its complexity
Vision is an Emergent
Vision is an Emergent
We sample things visually at 3
We sample things visually at 3-5 times per 5 times per
We sample things visually at 3
We sample things visually at 3 5 times per 5 times per second yet our perception is constant second yet our perception is constant We see things after they have happened We see things after they have happened
We see things after they have happened
We see things after they have happened
The power of visual imagery and
The power of visual imagery and
anticipation anticipation anticipation anticipation
Visual motor skill exception
Visual motor skill exception
“Experiments that have tested people’s
“Experiments that have tested people’s reaching and grasping under monocular reaching and grasping under monocular reaching and grasping under monocular reaching and grasping under monocular viewing conditions have shown that the viewing conditions have shown that the reaches are much slower more tentative reaches are much slower more tentative reaches are much slower, more tentative reaches are much slower, more tentative and less accurate than the same and less accurate than the same movements made under normal binocular movements made under normal binocular movements made under normal binocular movements made under normal binocular viewing conditions. It is binocular viewing conditions. It is binocular information that allows us to make information that allows us to make information that allows us to make information that allows us to make grasping movements that are calibrated grasping movements that are calibrated correctly for distance and tailored to the correctly for distance and tailored to the correctly for distance and tailored to the correctly for distance and tailored to the real size of the object.” real size of the object.”
“O h d d “O h d d
“Our hand and
“Our hand and fingers adopt the fingers adopt the final posture of the final posture of the final posture of the final posture of the grasp well before grasp well before we make contact.” we make contact.”
“At about 2/3rds
“At about 2/3rds the way to the the way to the
close in on the close in on the
Known Pathways
Known Pathways
Known Pathways
Known Pathways
Magnocellular and Parvocellular Pathways
Magnocellular and Parvocellular Pathways Vi l Att ti Vi l Att ti
Visual Attention
Visual Attention
Metrics
Metrics
Two types of retinal cells that send input
Two types of retinal cells that send input
Two types of retinal cells that send input
Two types of retinal cells that send input to the brain to the brain Magno Magno
Magno
Magno
Fast
Fast L ti fi ld L ti fi ld
Large receptive fields
Large receptive fields
Motion detection
Motion detection
Mid brain and posterior parietal projection
Mid brain and posterior parietal projection
Parvo
Parvo
Parvo
Parvo
Slower (relatively speaking)
Slower (relatively speaking)
Smaller receptive cells
Smaller receptive cells
Smaller receptive cells
Smaller receptive cells
Color
Color V1 projection V1 projection
V1 projection
V1 projection
Tiling Concepts
Tiling Concepts
M & P Cell M & P Cell Absolute Absolute Absolute Absolute Densities in the Densities in the Retina Retina
From From E.Hussey E.Hussey JBO JBO Vol Vol 14/2003 14/2003 “Speculations on the “Speculations on the nature of visual motion nature of visual motion – –
Rod and Cone myths:
Rod and Cone myths:
Rod and Cone myths:
Rod and Cone myths:
All magnocellular cells are rods
All magnocellular cells are rods
All parvocellular cells are cones
All parvocellular cells are cones
All parvocellular cells are cones
All parvocellular cells are cones
Central and Peripheral Vision myths:
Central and Peripheral Vision myths:
ll l l f ld ll ll l l f ld ll
All central visual field cells are cones
All central visual field cells are cones
All Peripheral visual field cells are rods
All Peripheral visual field cells are rods
Dorsal and Ventral Pathway myths:
Dorsal and Ventral Pathway myths:
All magnocellular cells are dorsal stream cells
All magnocellular cells are dorsal stream cells
All parvocellular cells are ventral stream cells
All parvocellular cells are ventral stream cells
We cannot attend to everything we see all
We cannot attend to everything we see all
We cannot attend to everything we see all
We cannot attend to everything we see all the time (most likely at any time) the time (most likely at any time) We select an area of space from which to We select an area of space from which to
We select an area of space from which to
We select an area of space from which to derive meaning and direct action derive meaning and direct action S t fi S t fi
Some anatomy figures
Some anatomy figures
10% of V1 input is from the eyes
10% of V1 input is from the eyes
More V1 connections from RAS than from
More V1 connections from RAS than from eyes eyes
Feed forward connections
Feed forward connections
Measuring things
Measuring things
In inches feet meters cubits In inches feet meters cubits
In inches, feet, meters, cubits
In inches, feet, meters, cubits
The problem with “where” is the metric of
The problem with “where” is the metric of the brain is not in societal terms the brain is not in societal terms the brain is not in societal terms the brain is not in societal terms
Visual metrics
Visual metrics
A f th b ? A f th b ?
Any of the above?
Any of the above?
Seems to be anthropometric units
Seems to be anthropometric units
Specifically the body part(s) related to
Specifically the body part(s) related to produce the range and facility of movement produce the range and facility of movement to perform an activity to perform an activity to perform an activity to perform an activity
“The use of scene
“The use of scene-based metrics means based metrics means
The use of scene The use of scene based metrics means based metrics means that the brain can construct this that the brain can construct this representation in great detail without representation in great detail without representation in great detail without representation in great detail without having to compute the absolute size, having to compute the absolute size, distance and geometry of each object in distance and geometry of each object in distance and geometry of each object in distance and geometry of each object in the scene.” the scene.”
Parietal lobe
Parietal lobe
Parietal lobe
Parietal lobe
Center of Spatial map
Center of Spatial map
End of Dorsal pathway
End of Dorsal pathway
End of Dorsal pathway
End of Dorsal pathway
Seems to broadcast to various other brain
Seems to broadcast to various other brain motor areas so we can use hands feet or motor areas so we can use hands feet or motor areas so we can use hands, feet, or motor areas so we can use hands, feet, or any other body part as “the current” metric any other body part as “the current” metric
Necessary to perform the desired action
Necessary to perform the desired action
Necessary to perform the desired action
Necessary to perform the desired action gracefully gracefully
“Visual perception is there to let us make
“Visual perception is there to let us make p p p p sense of the outside world and to create sense of the outside world and to create representations of it in a form that can be representations of it in a form that can be p filed away for future reference. filed away for future reference.
In contrast, the control of a motor act
In contrast, the control of a motor act
In contrast, the control of a motor act
In contrast, the control of a motor act requires accurate information about the requires accurate information about the actual size, location, and motion of the actual size, location, and motion of the actual size, location, and motion of the actual size, location, and motion of the target object. This information has to be target object. This information has to be coded in the absolute metrics of the real coded in the absolute metrics of the real coded in the absolute metrics of the real coded in the absolute metrics of the real world.” world.”
“The dorsal stream works in real time and
“The dorsal stream works in real time and
The dorsal stream works in real time and The dorsal stream works in real time and stores the required visuomotor stores the required visuomotor coordinates only for a very brief period coordinates only for a very brief period – coordinates only for a very brief period coordinates only for a very brief period at most for a few hundred milliseconds.” at most for a few hundred milliseconds.” “The ventral stream on the other hand is “The ventral stream on the other hand is
The ventral stream, on the other hand, is The ventral stream, on the other hand, is designed to operate over a much longer designed to operate over a much longer time scale ” time scale ” time scale. time scale.
“The visuomotor system is largely isolated
“The visuomotor system is largely isolated y g y y g y from perception. Its modus operandi seems from perception. Its modus operandi seems to be to disregard information from much of to be to disregard information from much of the scene when guiding goal the scene when guiding goal-
directed movements like grasping, restricting itself to movements like grasping, restricting itself to the critical visual information that is required the critical visual information that is required for that movement.” for that movement.”
“The visuomotor system works in real time.
“The visuomotor system works in real time. When a delay is imposed, perception When a delay is imposed, perception i d A d if i i i fl d b i d A d if i i i fl d b
an illusion so is the delayed movement.” an illusion so is the delayed movement.”
Developmentally
Developmentally p y p y
Optic pit
Optic pit
Eyes migrate from brain to forward position
Eyes migrate from brain to forward position y g a
a d po
g a
a d po
In real Life Use
The eye?
The eye?
The eye?
The eye?
More specifically the retina?
More specifically the retina?
The retina is a piece of brain exposed to light
The retina is a piece of brain exposed to light
The retina is a piece of brain exposed to light
The retina is a piece of brain exposed to light
in a mobile container
in a mobile container
There is at least one more probable possibility
There is at least one more probable possibility
There is at least one more probable possibility
There is at least one more probable possibility
The dilemma of where to look first (next)?
The dilemma of where to look first (next)?
The dilemma of where to look first (next)?
The dilemma of where to look first (next)?
Implies the brain starts the visual process
Implies the brain starts the visual process
Based upon what information it needs (next)
Based upon what information it needs (next)
Based upon what information it needs (next)
Based upon what information it needs (next)
The visual process is a never ending
The visual process is a never ending t l t l sensory motor cycle sensory motor cycle
Once started we want to see the next part
Once started we want to see the next part
Putting meaning to what we are seeing is a
Putting meaning to what we are seeing is a cycle there is no consistent start or stop cycle there is no consistent start or stop points points points points
The eyes and brain have a contract
The eyes and brain have a contract
The eyes and brain have a contract
The eyes and brain have a contract
The brain agrees to accept what the eyes
The brain agrees to accept what the eyes send it as long as send it as long as send it….. as long as send it….. as long as
The eyes agree to look where the brain
The eyes agree to look where the brain t th t l k t t th t l k t wants them to look next. wants them to look next.
Feed forward and feedback loops are set
Feed forward and feedback loops are set up which are essential components for up which are essential components for learning to move with grace learning to move with grace
“How” is a new concept introduced to me
“How” is a new concept introduced to me
How is a new concept introduced to me How is a new concept introduced to me by Greg Kitchener OD. by Greg Kitchener OD. Originally the descriptions of ventral and Originally the descriptions of ventral and
Originally the descriptions of ventral and
Originally the descriptions of ventral and dorsal streams were in terms of “what” dorsal streams were in terms of “what” and “ and “where”
where”
and and where
where .
It was Karl Pribram who first pointed out
It was Karl Pribram who first pointed out th t th diff b d th t th diff b d th th that the difference, based on that the difference, based on the the experimental conditions, was better experimental conditions, was better
described as “what” and “ described as “what” and “how”
.
It is important to realize that the "what"
It is important to realize that the "what"
It is important to realize that the what
It is important to realize that the what aspect is strongly linked to a verbal aspect is strongly linked to a verbal naming naming naming naming
What about “Where”?
What about “Where”? It t i i i bl It t i i i bl
Its metric is variable
Its metric is variable
What is it linked to?
What is it linked to?
Also, there is an Optometric attachment to
Also, there is an Optometric attachment to the term “where” the term “where”
“Where am I?”
“Where am I?”
“where is it?”
“where is it?”
In thinking about
In thinking about Pribram's suggestion of Pribram's suggestion of In thinking about In thinking about Pribram s suggestion of Pribram s suggestion of “how” it occurred to Greg Kitchener “how” it occurred to Greg Kitchener that that the coordinates for a the coordinates for a "where" system were "where" system were t e coo d ates o a t e coo d ates o a e e syste e e e e syste e e dependent on “how” dependent on “how”
Expressing “where is something” is based
Expressing “where is something” is based
Expressing where is something is based
Expressing where is something is based upon how you will interact with it upon how you will interact with it
Cognitive Neuroscience seems to be
Cognitive Neuroscience seems to be working on many issues that we would working on many issues that we would working on many issues that we would working on many issues that we would consider visual consider visual In my neuroscience readings the “how” In my neuroscience readings the “how”
In my neuroscience readings the “how”
In my neuroscience readings the “how” concept and terminology are common concept and terminology are common
They seem to be zeroing in on the point
They seem to be zeroing in on the point that the brain processes information in that the brain processes information in d f d f
“HOW” “HOW”
“The modularity in the dorsal stream is
“The modularity in the dorsal stream is
The modularity in the dorsal stream is The modularity in the dorsal stream is based not on the particular visual features based not on the particular visual features that are being extracted from the visual that are being extracted from the visual that are being extracted from the visual that are being extracted from the visual array so much as on the nature of the array so much as on the nature of the actions guided by vision actions guided by vision actions guided by vision. actions guided by vision.
These actions include things like reading;
These actions include things like reading; saccadic (quick) eye movements; pursuit saccadic (quick) eye movements; pursuit saccadic (quick) eye movements; pursuit saccadic (quick) eye movements; pursuit (slow) eye movements; grasping with the (slow) eye movements; grasping with the hand and whole hand and whole body locomotion ” body locomotion ” hand and whole hand and whole-body locomotion. body locomotion.
Walking, reaching, driving or putting in an
Walking, reaching, driving or putting in an a g, a g, d g o pu g a a g, a g, d g o pu g a eye wire screw all have different eye wire screw all have different coordinate (metric) systems based on the coordinate (metric) systems based on the different natures of the interactions different natures of the interactions different natures of the interactions different natures of the interactions
The basis in each
The basis in each case is ourselves and our case is ourselves and our abilities abilities (as extended by tools) (as extended by tools) ( y ) ( y )
And the nature of the interaction
And the nature of the interaction
In each case our "where" response
In each case our "where" response d d d d "h ” "h ” depends on depends on "how” "how”
How we pick up a pencil to write vs. throw
How we pick up a pencil to write vs. throw
up a p
up a p
is dependant on how!
The object (or tool) and our intentions are
The object (or tool) and our intentions are i t l t f “h ” i t l t f “h ” an integral part of “how” an integral part of “how”
This incorporates:
This incorporates:
B d h k l d B d h k l d
Body schema knowledge
Body schema knowledge
Motor planning
Motor planning
Motor action
Motor action
Motor action
Motor action
Motor Feedback
Motor Feedback
Gee! Also they are also parts of Visual
Gee! Also they are also parts of Visual
Gee! Also they are also parts of Visual
Gee! Also they are also parts of Visual Development and the Visual Process. Development and the Visual Process.
“I
“I understand that "where" seems more understand that "where" seems more
I understand that where seems more understand that where seems more intuitive and obvious, but I suggest that intuitive and obvious, but I suggest that this is because we tend to assume the this is because we tend to assume the this is because we tend to assume the this is because we tend to assume the "how" "how" so strongly that “how” tends to so strongly that “how” tends to become transparent” become transparent” become transparent become transparent
“This has tended to conceal the fact that
“This has tended to conceal the fact that the coordinates of "where" are not the coordinates of "where" are not the coordinates of where are not the coordinates of where are not constant” constant”
We are constantly interacting with our
We are constantly interacting with our
We are constantly interacting with our
We are constantly interacting with our environment. environment.
That interaction or planned interaction is
That interaction or planned interaction is
That interaction or planned interaction is
That interaction or planned interaction is always based upon the question “HOW”? always based upon the question “HOW”?
“HOW” do we decide; Where am I?,
“HOW” do we decide; Where am I?,
HOW do we decide; Where am I?, HOW do we decide; Where am I?, Where is it?, What is it?, Who should I Where is it?, What is it?, Who should I share this with? (The traditional 4 circles) share this with? (The traditional 4 circles) ( ) ( )
“HOW”
“HOW” is it we (decide to) choose a
is it we (decide to) choose a
HOW
HOW is it we (decide to) choose a
is it we (decide to) choose a portion of space from which to derive portion of space from which to derive meaning or direct action? meaning or direct action? meaning or direct action? meaning or direct action?
“HOW”
“HOW” is it we (decide to) use ourselves
is it we (decide to) use ourselves to accomplish anything? To interact with to accomplish anything? To interact with
“HOW
HOW” is constant in our lives!
” is constant in our lives!
“HOW” “HOW” is what drives and literally moves
is what drives and literally moves
HOW
HOW
is what drives and literally moves is what drives and literally moves us us
“How”
can I do this?
How
can I do this? can I do this?
“How”
“How” can I get that done?
can I get that done?
The fundamental question “HOW?” is a
The fundamental question “HOW?” is a
dynamic, life long quest of our brains dynamic, life long quest of our brains d b di d b di and bodies. and bodies.
“
“ HOW” HOW” drives our development and for
drives our development and for Optometric purposes it Optometric purposes it drives
drives the use the use and development of the visual and development of the visual
process. process.
Most research is now shifting from “where
Most research is now shifting from “where
Most research is now shifting from where
Most research is now shifting from where is it” to acting upon objects. is it” to acting upon objects. The traditional way we look at vision The traditional way we look at vision
The traditional way we look at vision
The traditional way we look at vision amongst ourselves is not the way the rest amongst ourselves is not the way the rest
Not only is the eyesight vs. vision concept
Not only is the eyesight vs. vision concept ( h ld d ) t k l d d b ( h ld d ) t k l d d b (we hold so dear) not acknowledged by (we hold so dear) not acknowledged by
k it i hidd ll k it i hidd ll we know it is hidden as well we know it is hidden as well
I propose a uniting concept
I propose a uniting concept
I propose a uniting concept
I propose a uniting concept
Instead of thinking acuity, phorias, ACA,
Instead of thinking acuity, phorias, ACA, VIP think about these as part of the VIP think about these as part of the VIP, think about these as part of the VIP, think about these as part of the logistics of “How” logistics of “How” If thi k f th i i h l If thi k f th i i h l
If we think of the ways vision helps us
If we think of the ways vision helps us figure out and execute “H figure out and execute “How
”, it will change our ability to communicate more change our ability to communicate more effectively the role the visual process plays effectively the role the visual process plays in living life in living life
Specifically:
Specifically:
Specifically:
Specifically:
How we communicate with others about the
How we communicate with others about the value of vision value of vision value of vision value of vision
How we look at the services and materials we
How we look at the services and materials we
How Optometry is in a unique position to help
How Optometry is in a unique position to help patients patients p
Clinically it can also help understand and
Clinically it can also help understand and
Clinically it can also help understand and
Clinically it can also help understand and explain: explain:
The tests we use and how we interpret them
The tests we use and how we interpret them
The tests we use and how we interpret them
The tests we use and how we interpret them
Retinoscopy was shown to be related to patient
Retinoscopy was shown to be related to patient interaction by Dr’s Ilg, Getman, Streff at the Gessel interaction by Dr’s Ilg, Getman, Streff at the Gessel y g, , y g, , Institute for Childhood Development/Yale as early Institute for Childhood Development/Yale as early as mid 1940,s as mid 1940,s Strengths and weaknesses of standardized testing Strengths and weaknesses of standardized testing
Strengths and weaknesses of standardized testing
Strengths and weaknesses of standardized testing
Lenses and their effect on the visual process
Lenses and their effect on the visual process
Lenses and their effect on the visual process
Lenses and their effect on the visual process
Why patients respond differently to the same lens
Why patients respond differently to the same lens
It not what a lens does to the patient it’s what the
It not what a lens does to the patient it’s what the p patient does with the lens patient does with the lens
The visual process and its relationships to
The visual process and its relationships to b h b h behavior behavior
Motor Changes
Motor Changes d ll th th diff t h i ti t d ll th th diff t h i ti t
and all the other different changes seen in patients
and all the other different changes seen in patients with Optometric treatment options with Optometric treatment options
In Summary it helps us determine:
In Summary it helps us determine:
What we can do to help patients when What we can do to help patients when th i i i i i t f i ith “HOW” th i i i i i t f i ith “HOW” their vision is interfering with “HOW” their vision is interfering with “HOW” they do their daily activities !! they do their daily activities !!
For your attention For your attention For your attention For your attention And for the opportunity to present to you at And for the opportunity to present to you at the 2010 ICBO the 2010 ICBO