SMART GRID IDS WHAT IS IS THE BUSINESS CASE? Prince Moyo PrEng - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SMART GRID IDS

WHAT IS IS THE BUSINESS CASE?

Prince Moyo PrEng FSAIEE Chairman: CIGRE SA NC General Manager: Power Delivery Engineering, Eskom South Africa

CONTENTS

• PART 1

BACKGROUND

• PART 2

WHAT IS A SMART GRID?

• PART 3

SMART GRID MODELS

• PART 4

BUSINESS VALUE PROPOSITIONS

• PART 5

SMART GRID ENABLERS

• PART 6

SMART GRID ROADMAPS

IE IEEE

• Resources:
• www.ieee.org
• IEEE Xplore Digital

Library

• IEEE Spectrum

magazine

• The Institute

newsletter

• Proceedings of the

IEEE

• IEEE Access
• IEEE Author Centre

and IEEE Collabratec

• All social platforms

www.cigre.org

10000 members 96 countries 59 National Committees 16 Study Committees 250 Working Groups 3700 WG members Electra Journal www.cigre.org/Electra Science & Engineering Journal Proceedings of conferences GREEN Books Newsletter Cigre Reference Papers

EQUIPMENT NEW MATERIALS & IT SYSTEMS TECHNO LOGIES

A1 A3 A2 B1 B4 B5 B2 B3 C6 C1 C3 C5 C2 C4 D1 D2

16 STUDY COMMITTEES

CIG IGRE

A1 Rotating Electrical Machines A2 Transformers A3 High Voltage Equipment B1 Insulated Cables B2 Overhead Lines B3 Substations B4 HVDC And Power Electronics B5 Protection And Automation C1 System Development & Economics C2 System Operation & Control C4 System Technical Performance C5 Electricity Markets & Regulation C6 Distribution Systems & Dispersed Generation D1 Materials & Emerging Test Techniques D2 Information Systems & Telecommunication C3 System Environmental Performance

CIG IGRE STUDY COMMITTEES

IE IEC

• IEC role in electro-technical

standards

• IEC Structure
• Standardisation
• Conformity Assessments
• Systems Committees
• Works through NCs … private
• r standards body
• Many Technical Committees

Rwanda Background (s (stats)

• Rwanda stats – pop, energy, installed

base, electrification rate, etc

• Electrification levels
• 10.8% access in 2010, 22% in 2014, 34%

(750k conn) in 2017 to 70% in 2018

• Customer numbers … 823,862
• Infrastructure plans - 53% is hydro

power; 7% is solar program; 45MW in 2006, 97MW in 2010, 218MW in 2017 to 563MW + 450MW imports in 2018; USD3.2BN needed; peat in SW 70MW; Kivu natural gas; Cape Rubona 700MW methane gas

Rwanda Background – Electricity Grid

Rwanda Background (K (Kigali)

Rwanda Background (r (rural electr)

Rwanda Background (c (comparisons, oom

• om only)

US CHI UK FRA SA ZIM

BOTS

DRC RWA Population (millions) 320 1,420 64.1 55 13

2.155

62 12 Installed base (GW) 1,275 1,505 77 46 2

0.75

1.2 0,218 Energy Sold (TWh) 4,314 5,649 328 225 8.9

4

6.24 1.13 Area (million km2) 9.83 8.43 0.243 1.22 0.391

0.582

1.5 0.026 Population Density/km2 33 168 264 43 33

4

41 456 GDP (US$Bn) 18,560 11,391 2,649 280 14.19

10.95

42 8.4 GDP/capita (US$) 58,000 8,022 41,326 5,290 1,092

5,080

677 696 Electricity price (USc/kWh) 21 9 24 20 9 10

14

9 22

Energy sold/capita (kWh/person/year) 13,481 3,978 5,117 4,245 685

1,856

101 30

Gini 0.44 0.47 0.35 0.66 0.43

0.61

0.41 0.50

What Is Is A Smart Grid?

Eskom: A smart grid is a more “instrumented” grid that gathers, interprets and acts on information, increasing awareness of the state of the grid, and transforming and improving the way it is operated and utilized by its customers EPRI: A smart grid is one that incorporates information and communications technology into every aspect of electricity generation, delivery and consumption in order to minimize environmental impact, enhance markets, improve reliability and service, and reduce costs and improve efficiency NIST: A smart grid develops and implements measurement science underpinning modernization of the nation's electric grid in order to improve system efficiency, reliability and sustainability, by incorporating distributed intelligence, bi-directional communications and power flows, and additional advancements to create a smart grid

What Is Is A Smart Grid?

IEEE: Provides bidirectional communication of power quality, supply and demand across the power grid to

utilize power more dynamically resulting in increased energy efficiency and power grid reliability. This change is necessary to manage the increased variability caused by renewable resources, the increased peak demand created by energy intensive consumers such as electric vehicles, and to minimize the environmental impact of ever increasing aggregate demand for electrical power

Gartner: IT/OT integration promotes a single view of enterprise information and process management to help

ensure that every person, sensor, switch or other device has the right information, in the right format, at the right time

IEC: The general understanding is that the Smart Grid is the concept of modernizing the electric grid. The Smart

Grid comprises everything related to the electric system in between any point of generation and any point of

• consumption. Through the addition of Smart Grid technologies the grid becomes more flexible, interactive and

is able to provide real time feedback

What Is Is A Smart Grid?

Instrumented Distributed intelligence Information-driven Bi-directional communication Sensors Cyber security Distributed resources Renewables integration Environmentally friendly Better operation Increased reliability Better utilisation Awareness of state Enhance markets Bidirectional power flow Reduce costs Improved efficiency

Smart Grid – Models (I (IEEE domains)

Smart Grid – Models (E (EPRI)

Business Cases

Smart Grid (1 (1) – Reliability

• Reliability (YELLOW

Block)

• Uptime
• Momentary/nuisance

trips

Smart Grid (1 (1) – Reliability

• System performance indices for Tx and

Dx

• Operator rounds and use of asset

scanning techniques

• Distribution Automation
• Condition Monitoring (CM)
• AHI … automated computation
• Physical security
• Cyber Security
• Smart Substation

SAIDI

෍

1 𝑂 𝑑𝑣𝑡𝑢𝑝𝑛𝑓𝑠 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑣𝑞𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 𝑦 𝑒𝑣𝑠𝑏𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜

𝑂𝑝. 𝑝𝑔 𝑑𝑣𝑡𝑢𝑝𝑛𝑓𝑠𝑡 𝑗𝑜 𝑢ℎ𝑓 𝑡𝑧𝑡𝑢𝑓𝑛

SAIFI

෍

1 𝑂

𝑑𝑣𝑡𝑢𝑝𝑛𝑓𝑠 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑣𝑞𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑂𝑝. 𝑝𝑔 𝑑𝑣𝑡𝑢𝑝𝑛𝑓𝑠𝑡 𝑗𝑜 𝑢ℎ𝑓 𝑡𝑧𝑡𝑢𝑓𝑛

CAIDI = SAIDI/SAIFI … interruption duration per customer SML

෍

1 𝑂 𝑡𝑧𝑡𝑢𝑓𝑛 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑣𝑞𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 𝑁𝑊𝐵 𝑦 𝑒𝑣𝑠𝑏𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 (𝑛𝑗𝑜)

𝑡𝑧𝑡𝑢𝑓𝑛 𝑁𝑊𝐵

Smart Grid (1 (1) – Reliability

• SA Dx
• SAIDI – 35h urban and rural
• SAIFI - 17
• Thus CAIDI = 2hr
• SA Tx
• SML … 3min
• WAMS
• DLR
• other

Smart Grid (2 (2) – Power Quality

BLUE Block Distortion Of Waveform

Smart Grid (2 (2) – Power Quality

Smart Grid (3 (3) – WAMS

• For large transmission networks, geographically dispersed
• Based on Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)
• Distributed C, V, f & df/dt (ROCOF) measurements, | | and φ, line θ via PDCs
• Micro/milliseconds, GPS synchronisation to 1μs, 0.1deg
• Analysis, early warning avoids cascading effects and eventual blackouts
• Event-Driven Data Analysis (EDDA)
• Monitoring benefits

POM (oscillations) PDM (damping) LTM (line thermal) VSM (voltage stability) etc

• 1st level of defence before UFLS, UVLS schemes, etc
• Need for RTDS for testing and validation
• Examples of operation - CIGRE Thailand paper

Smart Grid (4 (4) – Network Operations

• SCADA/ DMS/ ADMS
• Level of visibility/

instrumentation/ telemetry

• Data Acquisition … I,

V, on/off

• Remote SS and

Feeder Operations

• Other functions (e.g.

AMI)

• GIS

Smart Grid (5 (5) – Operator Dispatch

• Fault visibility
• Resource visibility
• Resource meta data
• Productivity management
• GIS vs Network Data
• Enables Customer Feedback
• All requires comms,

instrumentation

• ADMS

Smart Grid (6 (6) – Energy Efficiency

• EE
• η appliances
• η equipment
• Reduces
• verall energy

consumed

• Certifications

Smart Grid (7 (7) – Energy Conservation

Smart Grid (8 (8) – Analyt ytics and Asset Utilisation

Analytics (detection to prognosis)

• Maintenance completeness visibility
• End-Of-Life Management

Health Indexing Asset Replacement Plans Beyond ‘design life’

Utilisation

• Overhead lines … DLR
• Transformers … Short-Term Over-rating

Smart Grid (8 (8) – Analyt ytics and Asset Utilisation

Smart Grid (9 (9) – FACT CTS

• Caps … fixed switchable banks
• SVCs … thyristor-controlled
• STATCOMs … fast-acting

Smart Grid (1 (10) – Green

• GHG emissions leading to …
• Global warming … trend of

rising surface temperatures

• Climate change … change in

rain and snow patterns; more extreme weather

Smart Grid (1 (10) – Green

Smart Grid (1 (10) – Green (F (Flexibility)

Smart Grid (1 (10) – Green (F (Flexibility)

Figure 1: CAISO Load Profile Demonstrates Need for Pulsed Loads Image: Combined Cycle Journal

• Pulse Operation
• Two-shifting
• Impact on fuel of

flexible plant

• Impact on plant life

Inertia - ramp rates ↑↓ ... < 15GW/h (SA case) ROCOF within grid code limits Increased operating reserves Fault levels Variability … uncertainty Flexibility Minimum generation levels

The required minimum generation level of a utility system’s thermal units. Specifically, the lowest level

• f operation of oil-fired and gas-fired units at which

they can be available to meet peak load needs.

Curtailment Spatial diversity Transmission/Distribution constraints

Smart Grid (1 (10) – Green (F (Flexibility)

Use cases: i. Peak shaving ii. Energy arbitrage

• iii. Frequency control
• iv. Volt/var support

Smart Grid (1 (11) – Storage

v. T&D capex deferment

• vi. PV smoothing
• vii. Renewable firming
• viii. Black start

Smart Grid (1 (11) – Storage

• Small-scale
• Grid-scale
• Microgrid
• Death of the

grid?

37

Energy Storage Trends & Opportunities, IFC Report (Source: Navigant Research)

Smart Grid (1 (11) – Storage (S (SA 100MW plant)

Smart Grid (1 (11) – Storage (U (Utility Scale)

• Largest storage system,

comprising more than 18,000 Li- ion batteries, is being built in Long Beach for Southern California Edison by AES Corp. When it’s completed, in 2021, it will be capable of running at 100 megawatts for 4 hours.

• Size of two-storey data centre
• 300MW storage being planned

for the same site

• But that energy total of

400 megawatt-hours is still two

• rders of magnitude lower than

what a large Asian city would need

Feb 2017: At 30 megawatts for 4 hours, SDG&E’s facility in Escondido, California, is the largest Li-ion installation in the world.

Moss Landing, g, San Francisco Bay: 2018

1200 MWh

Smart Grid (1 (12) – Smart Meters

• Online monitoring
• Two-way communication
• Demand Response (DR)/

Demand-Side Management Energy Conservation

• other

Smart Grid (1 (13) – eTransportation

• Electric vehicle

transportation viability … < 2030?

• Lifetime km, maintenance
• Ride-hailing
• Peak oil?
• The death of the auto

industry/ICE as we know it?

• Nexus of Ride-hailing, EV

and Smartphone and self- driving

• AEVs
• TaaS

Smart Grid (1 (14) – Safety and Productivity

• Employee safety
• Heat stroke warning
• Proximity to prohibited areas
• Smart maintenance
• Identification of plant during walk-down
• RFID tagged equipment and mobility tools
• Augmented Reality

Smart Grid Enablers - ICT ICT

• Current – TDM technologies (SDH, PDH, packet radios)
• < 2Mbps common
• Need for greater bandwidth due to smart grids
• Becoming obsolete
• Skills challenges
• The future is ‘packet’
• Up to 400Gbps

Smart Grid Enablers - ICT ICT

• Application layer 3/4 – use available

microwave; fibre or satellite; 3rd party solutions – nG, wi-fi, LoRa, PLC, etc; SCADA, AMI, etc; initiator

• f traffic
• Service layer 2/3 – MSAP interim;

IP/ MPLS end-state; integrates business value devices; protocols; microwave, fibre or satellite; for high SLA sites

• Transmission layer 1/2 – OTN;

100Mbps; long-haul; fibre; MSTP for sub-100Mbps legacy; national footprint

• Zone I (protection, SCADA) most

critical service

• Note prioritization of service and

redundancy

Smart Grid Enablers - 5G 5G

• IEEE 802.11ac interim standard
• GSMA specification
• 1-10Gbps connections to end-points
• 1ms end to end round trip delay
• 1000x bandwidth per unit area
• 10-100x connected devices
• 99.999% availability
• 100% coverage
• 90% reduction in network energy use
• Up to 10yr battery power for low power devices
• Consumer and carrier equipment

Smart Grid Enablers - 5G 5G

Smart Grid Enablers - 5G 5G

Smart Grid Enablers – Cyber Security

• NIST
• Increased complexity of the grid
• Common vulnerabilities
• More entry points
• Malicious attacks
• Potential breach of customer

privacy

• LEVELS
• Confidentiality/ ‘Sniffing’
• Integrity/ Alteration
• Denial/ Outage

Smart Grid – Roadmaps

Smart Grid – Roadmaps

Smart Grids – New Jo Jobs

• Cyber Security
• Weather Forecasting
• Data Analytics/ Data Scientist
• Aggregator
• Battery Chemistry
• Smart Metering

Is Your Smart Grid Vision Clear?

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END