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Principles of Behavior Learning

Chapter Five

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Definitions

• Learning-the process by which experience
• r practice results in a relatively

permanent change in an organism’s behavior.

• Conditioning- acquisition of fairly specific

patterns of behavior in the presence of well defined stimul.

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Types of Conditioning

• Classical Conditioning- (Pavlovian)-the

process of learning to associate two stimuli.

• Operant Conditioning- (Instrumental)- the

process of learning to associate a response and its consequence.

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Classical Conditioning

• Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
• Unconditioned Response (UR)
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• Conditioned Response (CR)

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Before Conditioning:

• Bell(CS)

No Response

• Food (US)

Salivation(UR)

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During Conditioning Bell followed by Food (US) Salivation After Conditioning Bell (CS) Salivation (CR)

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Classical Conditioning in Humans

• Phobias
• Desensitization Therapy

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Operant Conditioning

• Involves learning association between an
• rganism’s behavior and resulting events.
• Law of Effect (Thorndike)-consistently

rewarded behavior will be likely to recur (stamped in) while behavior that brings about discomfort will be stamped

• ut….also known as the Principle of

Reinforcement.

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Types of Reinforcement

• Reinforcer- a stimulus that follows a behavior,

increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.

• Positive Reinforcer-adds something rewarding to

a situation.

• Negative Reinforcer-removal of an aversive

stimulus. NEGATIVE REINFORER ID NOT A PUNISHING EVENT…IT IS THE REMOVAL OF A PUNISHING OR AVERSIVE EVENT.

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Punishment

• Def. any event whose presence decreases

the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.

• Drawbacks to punishment

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Stages involved in Conditiong: Classical & Operant

• Response Acquisition-building phase of

conditioning during which the likelihood or strength

• Classical-
• Operant-

– Motivation – Skinner box – Shaping

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• Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery-how

long does learning last, and once lost, can it be recovered.

• Classical Conditioning-
• Operant Conditioning-undergoes interference from
• ther behaviors when the original behavior is no

longer rewarded.

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• Generalization & Discrimination-

– Stimulus Generalization – Response Generalization – Stimulus Discrimination – Classical Conditioning – Operant Conditioning

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New Learning based on Original Learning

• Classical Conditioning-Higher order

conditioning.

• Operant Conditioning

– Primary Reinforcers – Secondary Reinforcers

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Schedules of Reinforcement

• Continuous Reinforcement
• Partial Reinforcement (4 schedules)

– Fixed ratio -reinforce behavior after a set number of responses – Variable ratio-provide reinforcers after an unpredictable number

• f responses.

– Fixed interval- reinforce the first response afte a fixed time period. – Variable interval-reinforce the first response after varying time intervals.

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Cognitive Learning

• Learning that depends on mental processes that

are not directly observable.

• Social Learning Theory
• Bandura’s BoBo Doll experiment

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