Slide 1 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Behavioral Research ___________________________________ Chapter Three Ethical Research ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 2 ___________________________________ Why do Ethical issues arise? Behavioral Research Scientists have two ___________________________________ sets of obligations that sometimes conflict: • To provide information that enhances our understanding of behavioral processes ___________________________________ and lead to improvement of human or animal welfare. • Protect the rights and welfare of the ___________________________________ participants of the study. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 3 ___________________________________ Milgrams Obedience Experiment ___________________________________ (1963,1964,1965) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
Slide 4 Belmont Report: Ethical Guidelines ___________________________________ for the Protection of Human Subjects and Research ___________________________________ • Instituted in 1979 • Report defined the principles and applications that have guided the APA ___________________________________ decisions and the APA Ethics Code. • Three basic Ethical Principals: – Beneficence – Respect for Persons ___________________________________ – Justice ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 5 ___________________________________ Current Guidelines for Behavioral Research: • American Psychological Association (APA) ___________________________________ ethical code-national governing body for psychologists, provides leadership and sets standards for ethical practice in behavioral research. ___________________________________ • Institutional Review Board-all institutions that receive federal funds must have an IRB that reviews research conducted with human ___________________________________ participants. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 6 ___________________________________ American Psychological Association • Three basic ethical principles: ___________________________________ – Beneficence-need for research to maximize benefits to minimize any possible harmful effects of participation. Safeguard: Assessment of risks and benefits ___________________________________ – Autonomy (respect for persons) Safeguard: Informed Consent – Justice- Bearing the burdens of accepting ___________________________________ risk along with benefiting from the research. Safeguard: Selection of Subjects ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
Slide 7 ___________________________________ Institutional Review Board • To insure maximum protection for Ps, the ___________________________________ members of the IRB must come from a variety of both scientific and nonscientific disciplines. • At least one member of the IRB must be a member of the community who is not associated ___________________________________ with the institution in any way • Researchers who use human Ps must submit a written proposal to the IRB describing the purpose and procedures to be used in the ___________________________________ experiment and any potential risks to the Ps. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 8 ___________________________________ Six Main Issues in Ethical Research Practices – Potential Physical or Psychological harm ___________________________________ – Lack of Informed Consent – Invasion of privacy – Coercion to participate ___________________________________ – Deception – Violation of confidentiality ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 9 ___________________________________ Potential Risks in Psychological Research • Physical Harm ___________________________________ • Stress • Psychological Risk ___________________________________ minimal risk “risk that is no greater in probability and severity than that ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the ___________________________________ performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or test” ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
Slide 10 ___________________________________ Potential Benefits • Basic Knowledge ___________________________________ • Improvement of Research or Assessment Techniques • Practical Outcomes ___________________________________ • Benefits for Researchers • Benefits for Research Participants ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 11 ___________________________________ Principle of Informed Consent • Informed consent involves informing the Ps ___________________________________ of the nature of the study and obtaining their explicit agreement to participate. • Obtaining informed consent ensures that researchers do not violate people’s privacy and ___________________________________ that prospective research Ps are given enough information about the nature of a study to make a reasoned decision about whether they want to ___________________________________ participate ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 12 ___________________________________ Obtaining Informed Consent • Researchers are required to inform Participants ___________________________________ about features of the research that might influence their willingness to participate. • If the researcher does not reveal everything at the beginning of the experiment, he/she is ___________________________________ obligated to later inform the Ps of all relevant details. • To document that informed consent was obtained, an informed consent form is typically ___________________________________ used and signed. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
Slide 13 ___________________________________ Problems with Obtaining Informed Consent • Compromising the Validity of the Study ___________________________________ • Participants who are unable to give informed consent ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 14 ___________________________________ Invasion of Privacy • APA has no specific guidelines. ___________________________________ • Researchers must make attempts to protect the privacy of participants. • Circumstances and safeguards are ___________________________________ decided by the Researcher and the IRB. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 15 ___________________________________ Coercion to Participate • Coercion to participate when Ps agree to participate ___________________________________ b/c of real or implied pressure from some individual who has authority or influence over them. • Ethical guidelines stipulate that the researcher can not “offer excessive or inappropriate financial or other inducements to obtain research participants, particularly ___________________________________ when it might tend to coerce participation” • Furthermore, “when research participation is a course requirement or opportunity for extra credit, the prospective participant is given the choice of equitable alternative activities” ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
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