Simple linear regression STAT 401A - Statistical Methods for - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Simple linear regression

STAT 401A - Statistical Methods for Research Workers Jarad Niemi

Iowa State University

October 4, 2013

Jarad Niemi (Iowa State) Simple linear regression October 4, 2013 1 / 9

Model

Simple Linear Regression

Recall the One-way ANOVA model: Yij

ind

∼ N(µi, σ2) where Yij is the observation for individual j in group i. The simple linear regression model is Yi

ind

∼ N(β0 + β1Xi, σ2) where Yi and Xi are the response and explanatory variable, respectively, for individual i. Terminology (all of these are equivalent): response explanatory

• utcome

covariate dependent independent endogenous exogenous

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Model

• 2

4 6 8 10 12 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Telomere length vs years post diagnosis

Years post diagnosis (jittered) Telomere length R package abd, data set Telomeres Jarad Niemi (Iowa State) Simple linear regression October 4, 2013 3 / 9

Model Interpretation

Interpretation

E[Yi|Xi = x] = β0 + β1x V [Yi|Xi = x] = σ2 If Xi = 0, then E[Yi|Xi = 0] = β0. β0 is the expected response when the explanatory variable is zero. If Xi increases from x to x + 1, then E[Yi|Xi = x + 1] = β0 + β1x + β1 − E[Yi|Xi = x ] = β0 + β1x = β1 β1 is the expected increase in the response for each unit increase in the explanatory variable. σ is the standard deviation of the response for a fixed value of the explanatory variable.

Jarad Niemi (Iowa State) Simple linear regression October 4, 2013 4 / 9

Model Estimators

Remove the mean: Yi = β0 + β1Xi + ei ei

iid

∼ N(0, σ2) So ei = Yi − (β0 + β1Xi) which we approximate by the residual ri = ˆ ei = Yi − (ˆ β0 + ˆ β1Xi) The least squares, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian estimators are ˆ β1 = SXY /SXX ˆ β0 = Y − ˆ β1X ˆ σ2 = SSE/(n − 2) d.f. = n − 2 SXY = n

i=1(Xi − X)(Yi − Y )

SXX = n

i=1(Xi − X)(Xi − X) = n i=1(Xi − X)2

SSE = n

i=1 r 2 i

X = 1

n

n

i=1 Xi

Y = 1

n

n

i=1 Yi

Jarad Niemi (Iowa State) Simple linear regression October 4, 2013 5 / 9

Model Standard errors

How certain are we about ˆ β0 and ˆ β1 being equal to β0 and β1? We quantify this uncertainty using their standard errors: SE(β0) = ˆ σ

• 1

n + X

2

(n−1)s2

X

d.f . = n − 2 SE(β1) = ˆ σ

• 1

(n−1)s2

X

d.f . = n − 2 s2

X

= SXX/(n − 1) s2

Y

= SYY /(n − 1) SYY = n

i=1(Yi − Y )2

rXY = SXY /(n−1)

sX sY

correlation coefficient R2 = r 2

XY

= SST−SSE

SST

coefficient of determination SST = SYY = n

i=1(Yi − Y )2

The coefficient of determination is the percentage of the total response variation explained by the explanatory variable(s).

Jarad Niemi (Iowa State) Simple linear regression October 4, 2013 6 / 9

Model Pvalues and confidence intervals

Pvalues and confidence interval

We can compute two-sided pvalues via 2P

• tn−2 >
• ˆ

β0 SE(β0)

• and

2P

• tn−2 >
• ˆ

β1 SE(β1)

• These test the null hypothesis that the corresponding parameter is zero.

We can construct 100(1 − α)% confidence intervals via ˆ β0 ± tn−2(1 − α/2)SE(β0) and ˆ β1 ± tn−2(1 − α/2)SE(β1) These provide ranges of the parameter consistent with the data.

Jarad Niemi (Iowa State) Simple linear regression October 4, 2013 7 / 9

Model Pvalues and confidence intervals

• 2

4 6 8 10 12 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Telomere length vs years post diagnosis

Years post diagnosis (jittered) Telomere length Jarad Niemi (Iowa State) Simple linear regression October 4, 2013 8 / 9

Model Pvalues and confidence intervals DATA t; INFILE ’telomeres.csv’ DSD FIRSTOBS=2; INPUT years length; PROC REG DATA=t; MODEL length = years; RUN; The REG Procedure Model: MODEL1 Dependent Variable: length Number of Observations Read 39 Number of Observations Used 39 Analysis of Variance Sum of Mean Source DF Squares Square F Value Pr > F Model 1 0.22777 0.22777 8.42 0.0062 Error 37 1.00033 0.02704 Corrected Total 38 1.22810 Root MSE 0.16443 R-Square 0.1855 Dependent Mean 1.22026 Adj R-Sq 0.1634 Coeff Var 13.47473 Parameter Estimates Parameter Standard Variable DF Estimate Error t Value Pr > |t| 95% Confidence Limits Intercept 1 1.36768 0.05721 23.91 <.0001 1.25176 1.48360 years 1

• 0.02637

0.00909

• 2.90

0.0062

• 0.04479
• 0.00796

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