Secondhand and Thirdhand Smoke from Cigarettes, Marijuana and E- - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Secondhand and Thirdhand Smoke from Cigarettes, Marijuana and E- - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jul 21, 2023 160 likes •466 views

Secondhand and Thirdhand Smoke from Cigarettes, Marijuana and E- Cigarettes Suzaynn F. Schick, PhD University of California, San Francisco 1 Thanks Lab Staff Kelly Pratt, Adam Whitlatch, Abel Huang, Kathryn Jee UCSF John

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SLIDE 1

Secondhand and Thirdhand Smoke from Cigarettes, Marijuana and E- Cigarettes

Suzaynn F. Schick, PhD University of California, San Francisco

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SLIDE 2

Thanks

  • Lab Staff

– Kelly Pratt, Adam Whitlatch, Abel Huang, Kathryn Jee

  • UCSF

– John Balmes, Neal Benowitz, Peter Ganz, Peyton Jacob, Chris Havel, Lisa Yu, Pura Tech

  • Lawrence Berkeley Lab

– Lara Gundel, Mohamad Sleiman, Hugo Destaillats

  • UC Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program

– Grant #s 12FT-0114, 21 ST-011, 20PT-0184 and 24RT- 0039

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SLIDE 3

Outline

  • Smoke basics
  • Secondhand smoke
  • Thirdhand smoke
  • Tobacco and Marijuana
  • E-Cigarettes
  • Cardiovascular Effects of Secondhand Smoke

and E-Cigs

  • Summary

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SLIDE 4

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What is an aerosol?

  • Gases + Droplets of oils and waxes +

small particles

  • Smoke is an aerosol
  • E-cigarette “vapor” is an aerosol
  • Marijuana “vapor” is an aerosol
  • Air freshener spray is an aerosol
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SLIDE 5

Cigarettes as a Model Combustion Aerosol Or: Burning Leaves in Your House is a Bad Idea

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SLIDE 6

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Sidestream smoke is more toxic than mainstream smoke

  • Sidestream is chemically different

from mainstream

– Sidestream

  • Lower temperature  larger molecules

– Mainstream

  • Higher temperature  smaller molecules
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SLIDE 7

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What is Secondhand Smoke?

  • 85% Sidestream:15% exhaled Mainstream
  • Combustion creates thousands of different

chemical compounds:

– Gas phase inorganic: CO2, H20, CO, NH3 – Very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs):

formaldehyde, acrolein, 1,3-butadiene

– Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): benzene,

toluene, NMDA

– Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs):

Nicotine, some PAHs and TSNAs

– Particulate matter: benzo(a)pyrene, NNK, THC

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SLIDE 8

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SHS

THS Indoor Surfaces

Thirdhand Smoke

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SLIDE 9

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What part of secondhand smoke creates thirdhand smoke?

  • Particles and droplets of oils and

waxes (Tar)

  • 10% of secondhand smoke is tar

Thirdhand Smoke starts with Tar

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SLIDE 10

What is Thirdhand cigarette smoke? The 3 R’s

Chemicals in cigarette smoke that:

  • Remain on surfaces and in dust
  • Re-emit back into the gas phase
  • React with other chemicals in the

environment to make new chemicals

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SLIDE 11

Remain

  • Tar chemicals stick to surfaces before they

can be removed by ventilation

  • Walls, carpet, dust, people…
  • Tar absorbs into porous materials
  • Tar contains nicotine and many toxins and

carcinogens

  • Nitrosamines
  • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
  • Persistence increases exposure time

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SLIDE 12

Nicotine persists in surfaces

(after smoking ends)

1,000 10,000 100,000 10 20 30 40 50

Nicotine (ng/cm2)

Days of Clean Air Ventilation Curtain Carpet Wallpaper

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Re-Emit

  • Combustion forces tar chemicals (normally

solids or liquids) into the air

  • Tar cools, condenses and sticks to surfaces
  • Once on a surface, each chemical reaches

equilibrium

  • Fraction in the air depends on the chemical

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SLIDE 14

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Paper exposed to smoke

  • ff-gasses volatile chemicals

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000

Parts per billion

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SLIDE 15

React

  • Where there are chemicals, there are

chemical reactions

  • Which reactions do we know about?

– Nicotine + nitrous acid = NNK

» Carcinogen

– Nicotine + ozone = formaldehyde

» Carcinogen

– Tar + ozone = ultrafine particles

» Can cause heart and lung disease

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SLIDE 16

NNK persists in surfaces (after smoking ends)

5 15 25 35 45

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

NNK (ng/cm2) Days of clean air ventilation Curtain Carpet Wallpaper

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SLIDE 17

Thirdhand Smoke Emits Particles

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“Secondary” particles from Thirdhand Smoke

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0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 9:30 9:45 10:00 10:15 10:30 10:45 11:00

mg/m3 Time

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SLIDE 19

Thirdhand Smoke is a persistent environmental contaminant

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  • Remains

– Weeks and months of ventilation do not remove Thirdhand Smoke – Re-Emits – Nicotine, formaldehyde, acetonitrile, acetone and

  • ther volatile chemicals
  • Reacts

– Nicotine reacts to form NNK – THS reacts to form particles

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SLIDE 20

Charting the Unknown: Data from Marijuana and E- Cigarettes

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SLIDE 21

Similarities between tobacco and marijuana smoke

  • Leaf contains high concentrations of oils and

waxes

  • Nicotine and THC both survive combustion
  • It doesn’t matter what you burn: Combustion

creates complex, toxic aerosols

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SLIDE 22

Toxins in Sidestream

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Health Effects Tobacco Marijuana

weight (mg) 788 769 puffs 13 15 tar (mg) Multiple 24 50 CO (mg) Inhibits respiration 62 54 Ammonia (mg) Irritant 5.6 14.3 Nicotine (mg) Addictive 5 NOx (mg) Inflame lung 1.2 2.3 Formaldehyde (μg) Carcinogen 886 383 Acrolein (μg) Cardiotoxin 437 566 HCN (μg) Toxin 84 685 Benzo (a) pyrene (ng) Carcinogen 91 101 NNK (ng) Carcinogen 92

Moir et al., 2008

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SLIDE 23

E-Cigarette Toxins

  • Even smaller particles

– Median diameter for cigarettes: 110-340 nm – Median diameter for e-cigarettes: 5-50 nm – E-cigarette particles evaporate faster

  • Nicotine

– No sidestream but, more spills and leaks

  • Formaldehyde

– 4-100 X less

  • Acrolein

– Equal to 10 X less

  • Flavorings: benzaldehyde (cherry), cinnamonaldehyde …

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SLIDE 24

Marijuana e-cigarette aerosols

  • Terpenes are odorant, active chemicals found

in cannabis, tobacco and e-liquids

  • Limonene, Pinene, Linalool, Myrcene and others
  • Secreted by same plant glands that make THC
  • Can be used to reduce viscosity of hash oil in

vape pens

  • React to form particles in air

– Research on air fresheners

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SLIDE 25

Toxin Exposure Patterns

Users Non-users

Cigarettes Marijuana E-cigarettes SHS THS

Particles

+++ +++ ++ ++ +

Combustion Toxins

+++ +++ ++ ++ +

Nicotine

+++

  • ++

+ ++?

THC

  • +++
  • +

?

Formaldehyde & Acrolein

+++ +++ + ++ +

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SLIDE 26

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Flow-mediated dilation (FMD), a predictor of heart attack risk

  • Measure diameter of brachial (arm) artery by

sonography

  • Restrict blood flow in arm with blood pressure

cuff for 5 minutes

  • Release cuff and measure diameter of brachial

artery again. Healthy blood vessels respond to the rush of

blood by dilating.

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SLIDE 27

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Intima to Intima Media to Media

Flow-Mediated Dilation of the Brachial Artery Measured by Ultrasound

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SLIDE 28

E-Cigarettes reduce FMD in healthy young people

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% FMD Nonsmokers Smokers Before Smoking Cigarette 7.83 5.62 After Smoking Cigarette 3.96* 2.82* Before Using E-Cigarette 7.38 5.88 After Using E-Cigarette 4.56* 3.99*

Carnavale et al. 2016

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SLIDE 29

Conclusions

  • If it burns, it creates smoke

–It doesn’t matter if it is tobacco or marijuana

  • Aerosols linger in the environment

–Any aerosol can create THS

  • Breathing aerosol particles can

increase risk of heart attack

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