Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology Gustavo Cancelo Fermilab Detector R&D Program Review 29 October 2014
MKIDs (Microwave Kinetic Inductance Devices) • Pixelated micro-size resonator array. • Superconducting sensors with meV energy gap. More than single photon detector: – Can provide energy resolution (E/ Δ E) in the visible and near infrared spectrum to do cosmology at large scale without filters and photon tagging with 1usec resolution. – Low resolution spectroscopy of >1 billion galaxies, QSO and other objects from DES & LSST data. (No other known instruments can do that). – High image rate: Allows for filtering of atmospheric fluctuations at ~100 Hz. – They must be operated at ~100mK degrees. – Need cold low noise amplifier at RF frequencies.
A new challenge for superconducting detectors Superconducting detectors have O (meV) energy gap . • • Photons hitting a superconductor resonator will break Cooper pairs into a few thousand quasi-particles. • Have been used for a long time in applications that require few detectors. • The challenge is to build instruments with 10’s of thousands of detectors in the near future and millions in a more distant future. • The applications for such instruments include dark energy, CMB, sub-mm science and more. • Note the potential science using both mid and large size MKID instruments in the Astrophysics talks (this review). 3 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
Equivalent circuit of a string of MKID resonators Resonator’s Q ~35,000 • Each pixel is tuned to a different frequency (frequency multiplexing). • Large array of superconducting detectors are NOW possible. • Channel separation ~2 MHz. Pixel bandwidth ~250 KHz 4 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
MKID resonator Amplitude of S 21 frequency scan around resonance f o Kinetic inductance changes. Phase of S 21 frequency Resonator’s scan around temp. goes up resonance f o • Photons hit a pixel and move the resonance for that pixel. • We measure the dynamics of the phase/amplitude signal. • MKIDs allow photon timing information with1usec resolution. 5 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
Typical MKID response to a photon. Complex (amplitude & phase) signal • The resonator is excited by the DAQ at its resonant frequency. • The ADC of the DAQ looks at the dynamics of the S 21 signal coming back from the MKID detector at the resonant frequency. • The signal has a fast rise time and a slow recombination time ~100 us. 6 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
DAQ block diagram 1pps, and 10 MHz reference. Rubidium clock, frequency synthesizer 1K pixel resonator 4 Gs/s A/D, signal generator, channelizing, power calibration, 4 digital filtering, Gs/s DAC HEMT photon catalog MKID Warm Warm Cold Computer • A DAQ board will generate signals for 1K pixels. • A DAQ board will live stream data from 1K pixels at 1 MHz sampling per channel. • After generation signals are up converted to RF and down converted again before sampling. • The 1 st amplifier is a HEMT at 3K with a noise temperature of 5K. 7 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
Three or two board solution (for 1K pixel, scalable) Memory RF/IF DAC LO CLK and sync FPGA RF/IF ADC Ethernet USB CASPER Roach2 Fermilab electronics From CASPER collaboration • Currently the ROACH2 FPGA hosts the highly complex firmware and provides the interface to the computer. • CASPER collaboration (https://casper.berkeley.edu/) 8 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
A 10K to 20K pixel DAQ ROACH2 Fermilab electronics • The existing design is for 10 K pixels 9 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
A 10K to 20K pixel DAQ • MKID signal generation: • 8 GB/s for 1K pixel. 80GB/s 10K pixel system. • Tunable frequency and power for each resonator. • MKID acquisition: • 6 GB/s for 1K pixel. 60GB/s for a 10K pixel system. • Scalable to 20K (even 30 K) pixel is reasonable. • Data output bandwidth is about 1K photons/pixel • A 10K pixel system outputs ~100MB/s (10 B/photon) • Data crunching of x1000 in the FPGA • Software pipeline runs on main computer. • Inherited from ARCONS project (UCSB) 10 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
RF board RF out LO To MKID Up conversion, amplification, IF out attenuation and filtering RF in from MKID Down conversion, amplification, IF in attenuation and filtering 11 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
RF/IF board specifications • LO generation. – RF frequency dynamic range: 4-8.5 GHz. – Each RF channel utilizes half of total spectrum. – LO is tuned to 5.5GHz for the 4.5-6.5 GHz RF line and tuned to 7.5GHz for the 6.5-8.5 GHz RF line. – LO can be swept in 1Hz steps to precisely match MKID resonance frequencies. • RF Input : – 100 dBm. On board amplification. – ~2dB flatness over 4.5-8.5 GHz spectrum. – Only 2 different amplifiers used: Hittite HMC3587 and HMC313. – MKID power will be between -80 to -115 dBm and there will be a 35 dB gain (HEMT) (cold electronics) and some attenuation (cables and splitters). – 3 to 34 dB step attenuator to adjust to input power. – I-Q mixer. • RF output. – Distortions are critical. Powers are optimized at the mixer. 12 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
RF board measurements (loopback mode) 10 MHz reference from signal or frequency comb generator To spectrum analyzer 13 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
RF board measurements (loopback mode) The comb generator is an old instrument, so powers are uneven. Important points are: No major spurs generated by the RF board. Flat noise floor at 1GHz span. • a 14 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
Very clean close in noise (200 Hz span) • a 15 Presenter | Presentation Title 10/28/2014
No spurs in the pixel channel bandwidth Phase noise -97 dBc/Hz at 500 KHz • a 16 Presenter | Presentation Title 10/28/2014
ADC and DAC design 4 Gs/s 4 Gs/s Internally generate from DDR3 17 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
ADC and DAC board • 2 x 2Gs/s 12bit ADC with JESD204B interface. • 2 x 2Gs/s 16bit DAC with JESD204B interface. • Virtex 7 FPGA. The type of FPGA is determined by the ADC and DAC JESD204B interfaces (8 channel high speed SERDES). • The JESD204B interface is preferred because it eliminates many parallel connections between the ADC/DAC and FPGA, and simplifies the data transfer process. Better synchronization. • Virtex 7-330T is large enough to hold the firmware that currently runs on the Roach2 FPGA. • We can get rid of the Roach2 and save money. • The goal is $5/pixel. • Clock • 1 Hz resolution synthesizer. • 200 fs synchronization and distribution. 18 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
1K pixel channelizer and photon detection firmware B. Mazin, M. Strader, UCSB • The firmware is based on polyphase filter banks, digital down converters and filters. • Photon detection is done by a matched filter. • The firmware has been developed at UCSB for the ARCONS project (arXiv:1306.4674) 19 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
10 K pixel DAQ schedule • RF board testing 80% complete. • ADC/DAC board is currently in schematic capture and PCB layout • Fabrication late January. • Testing February-March. • 10 K pixel system integration April-June • We should have a running system by July 2015. • FERMILAB MKID pixel DAQ (per board) • 8 times the number of channels. • 8 times the RF bandwidth coverage. • ~1/10 the cost per channel. • Scalable to 10K to 20K with the same number of boards a 2K pixel system uses today. 20 Gustavo Cancelo | Scalable 10 to 20 Kilo-pixel MKID Signal Generation and DAQ for Cosmology 10/28/2014
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