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✶ ✴ ✶✸ ❙♥❛♣s❤♦t ■s♦❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❡♠♦r② ❚♦r✈❛❧❞ ❘✐❡❣❡❧ ✶ ❈❤r✐st♦❢ ❋❡t③❡r ✶ P❛s❝❛❧ ❋❡❧❜❡r ✷ ✶ ❉r❡s❞❡♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ●❡r♠❛♥② ④t♦r✈❛❧❞✳r✐❡❣❡❧✱❝❤r✐st♦❢✳❢❡t③❡r⑥❅✐♥❢✳t✉✲❞r❡s❞❡♥✳❞❡ ✷ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ◆❡✉❝❤ât❡❧✱ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞ ♣❛s❝❛❧✳❢❡❧❜❡r❅✉♥✐♥❡✳❝❤ ❚❘❆◆❙❆❈❚ ✷✵✵✻

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✷ ✴ ✶✸ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✶✳ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ❧❛r❣❡ r❡❛❞ s❡ts → ❊✣❝✐❡♥t s♥❛♣s❤♦ts t♦ r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ r❡❛❞ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ✷✳ ❘❡❛❞✲♦♥❧② tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s → ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ✸✳ ❲♦r❦❧♦❛❞s ✇✐t❤ ♠❛♥② r❡❛❞✴✇r✐t❡ ❝♦♥✢✐❝ts → ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ s✉♣♣♦rt ❢♦r ❙♥❛♣s❤♦t ■s♦❧❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡s✉❧t✿ ❙■✲❙❚▼

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✸ ✴ ✶✸ ❘❡❛❞ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ❱✐s✐❜❧❡ r❡❛❞s✿ ◮ ▲✐st ♦❢ r❡❛❞❡rs → ✉♣❞❛t❡ ♠❡♠♦r② → ❡①♣❡♥s✐✈❡✱ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ ■♥✈✐s✐❜❧❡ r❡❛❞s✿ ◮ ❖♣t✐♠✐st✐❝ → ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡ss❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❝❤❡❝❦❡❞ ✭✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡ r❡❛❞ s❡t✿ ❝❤❡❝❦ ❡✈❡r② ❛❧r❡❛❞② r❡❛❞ ♦❜❥❡❝t ❢♦r ❝❤❛♥❣❡s✮ ◮ ❖♥❧② ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡ ♦♥ ❝♦♠♠✐t → ♦♣❡r❛t❡ ♦♥ ✐♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ❞❛t❛ ◮ ❱❛❧✐❞❛t❡ ✇❤❡♥ r❡❛❞ s❡t ❣r♦✇s → ❤✐❣❤ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦sts ●♦❛❧✿ ❛✈♦✐❞ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✹ ✴ ✶✸ ❘❡❛❞ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ✭✷✮ 0.012 SI-STM Eager ASTM SXM CPU time per read operation in ms 0.01 SXM, disjoint accesses 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Number of objects read by a transaction ♦❜❥❡❝t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❙❚▼s ✇✐t❤ ❏❛✈❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✹✲✇❛② ❳❡♦♥ ❆❙❚▼✴❙❳▼✿ ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ▼❛r❛t❤❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✴ ●✉❡rr❛♦✉✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✱ ❉■❙❈ ✷✵✵✺

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✺ ✴ ✶✸ ❲❤② ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥❄ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ❞❛t❛ ❝❛♥ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡✿ ◮ ❚❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ◮ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✴✉s❛❣❡ ◮ ◆♦ ✐s♦❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ♠❛❧❧♦❝✮ ◮ ❊①❝❡♣t✐♦♥s✱ ❢❛✉❧ts ◮ ❆r❡ ❢❛❧s❡ ❛❧❛r♠s ❛❝❝❡♣t❛❜❧❡❄ ◮ ❍♦✇ ❡①♣❡♥s✐✈❡ ✐s r❡❝♦✈❡r②❄ ■♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ❞❛t❛ ♠❛❦❡s r✉♥t✐♠❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ❧❡ss ♣r❡❞✐❝t❛❜❧❡

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✻ ✴ ✶✸ ❲❤❡♥ t♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡❄ P♦ss✐❜❧❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥s✿ ◮ ❊①♣❧✐❝✐t ✭♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❡r✲❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞✮ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥✿ t♦♦ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t ◮ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ✭❡♥s✉r❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✮❄ ◮ P❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛❧❧②❄ ◮ ❲❤✐❝❤ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♣❡r✐♦❞❄ → ❉✐❞ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ ✇♦r❦ ♦♥ ✐♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ❞❛t❛ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✇❡ tr✐❡❞ t♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡❄ ◮ ❇❡❢♦r❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s❄ ◮ ❆❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s s✐③❡✴❝♦✉♥t t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s ◮ ❇❡❢♦r❡ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❢❛✐❧s ✐❢ ❞❛t❛ ✐s ✐♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❄ ◮ P❧❡♥t② ♦❢ ❝❤❡❝❦s r❡q✉✐r❡❞ → ❧♦ts ♦❢ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥s Pr♦❜❧❡♠s✿ ❈♦♠♣❧❡① r✉♥t✐♠❡ s✉♣♣♦rt✱ ❧✐❜r❛r✐❡s ❙■✲❙❚▼✿ s♥❛♣s❤♦t ✐s ❛❧✇❛②s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t → r❡❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ♦♥❧② ✐❢ t❤❡ s♥❛♣s❤♦t ♠✉st ❜❡ ✈❛❧✐❞ ❢♦r ❛ ❧♦♥❣❡r t✐♠❡

❙■✲❙❚▼ ✼ ✴ ✶✸ ❚✐♠❡st❛♠♣✲❜❛s❡❞ ❙♥❛♣s❤♦ts ❚✐♠❡ ❜❛s❡✿ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✐t t✐♠❡ ❈❚ ❙❚▼ ♦❜❥❡❝ts ❤❛✈❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ◮ ❊❛❝❤ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❤❛s ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞✐t② r❛♥❣❡ ❘ ✭✇✳r✳t✳ ❈❚ ✮ ◮ ■❢ ♠♦st r❡❝❡♥t ✈❡rs✐♦♥✱ ✉♣♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞ ✉♥❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❙♥❛♣s❤♦t ♦❢ ❛ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ ❚ ❤❛s ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞✐t② r❛♥❣❡ ❘ ❚ ◮ ❊q✉❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝❝❡ss❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s✬ ✈❛❧✐❞✐t② r❛♥❣❡s ◮ ■♥✐t✐❛❧✐③❡❞ t♦ [ st❛rt ❚ , ] ◮ ❱❛❧✐❞✐t② ♦❢ ❛ ♠♦st r❡❝❡♥t ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❡♥❞s ❛t t✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❛❞ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ tr② t♦ ❡①t❡♥❞ ❘ ❚ ✐❢ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✿ ◮ ❱❛❧✐❞✐t② r❛♥❣❡s ❛r❡ r❡❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ → ♣♦ss✐❜❧② ❧❛r❣❡r ✉♣♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞ ❢♦r ❘ ❚ S S A A1 B B1 C C1 C2 Commit time

❙■✲❙❚▼ ✼ ✴ ✶✸ ❚✐♠❡st❛♠♣✲❜❛s❡❞ ❙♥❛♣s❤♦ts ❚✐♠❡ ❜❛s❡✿ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✐t t✐♠❡ ❈❚ ❙❚▼ ♦❜❥❡❝ts ❤❛✈❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ◮ ❊❛❝❤ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❤❛s ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞✐t② r❛♥❣❡ ❘ ✭✇✳r✳t✳ ❈❚ ✮ ◮ ■❢ ♠♦st r❡❝❡♥t ✈❡rs✐♦♥✱ ✉♣♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞ ✉♥❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❙♥❛♣s❤♦t ♦❢ ❛ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ ❚ ❤❛s ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞✐t② r❛♥❣❡ ❘ ❚ ◮ ❊q✉❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝❝❡ss❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s✬ ✈❛❧✐❞✐t② r❛♥❣❡s ◮ ■♥✐t✐❛❧✐③❡❞ t♦ [ st❛rt ❚ , ] ◮ ❱❛❧✐❞✐t② ♦❢ ❛ ♠♦st r❡❝❡♥t ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❡♥❞s ❛t t✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❛❞ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ tr② t♦ ❡①t❡♥❞ ❘ ❚ ✐❢ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✿ ◮ ❱❛❧✐❞✐t② r❛♥❣❡s ❛r❡ r❡❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ → ♣♦ss✐❜❧② ❧❛r❣❡r ✉♣♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞ ❢♦r ❘ ❚ S S R A A1 B B1 C C1 C2 Commit time

❙■✲❙❚▼ ✼ ✴ ✶✸ ❚✐♠❡st❛♠♣✲❜❛s❡❞ ❙♥❛♣s❤♦ts ❚✐♠❡ ❜❛s❡✿ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✐t t✐♠❡ ❈❚ ❙❚▼ ♦❜❥❡❝ts ❤❛✈❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ◮ ❊❛❝❤ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❤❛s ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞✐t② r❛♥❣❡ ❘ ✭✇✳r✳t✳ ❈❚ ✮ ◮ ■❢ ♠♦st r❡❝❡♥t ✈❡rs✐♦♥✱ ✉♣♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞ ✉♥❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❙♥❛♣s❤♦t ♦❢ ❛ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ ❚ ❤❛s ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞✐t② r❛♥❣❡ ❘ ❚ ◮ ❊q✉❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝❝❡ss❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s✬ ✈❛❧✐❞✐t② r❛♥❣❡s ◮ ■♥✐t✐❛❧✐③❡❞ t♦ [ st❛rt ❚ , ] ◮ ❱❛❧✐❞✐t② ♦❢ ❛ ♠♦st r❡❝❡♥t ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❡♥❞s ❛t t✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❛❞ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ tr② t♦ ❡①t❡♥❞ ❘ ❚ ✐❢ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✿ ◮ ❱❛❧✐❞✐t② r❛♥❣❡s ❛r❡ r❡❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ → ♣♦ss✐❜❧② ❧❛r❣❡r ✉♣♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞ ❢♦r ❘ ❚ S S R A A1 R B B1 C C1 C2 Commit time