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❚❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✸✲♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s ❛♣❛rt✿ ♥❡✇ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❚✉r❛❡✈✲❱✐r♦ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥ts ❏♦♥❛t❤❛♥ ❙♣r❡❡r ✭❋r❡✐❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❇❡r❧✐♥✮ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ✱ ❖s❛❦❛✱ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✷✶✱ ✷✵✶✼

♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛t❡❞ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s ✭s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❛❧❄✮ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts ✴ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ♣r♦✈❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❛♥❞ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ t❛s❦✿ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ▼ ❛♥❞ ◆ ✱ ✐s ▼ ◆ ❄ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ▸ ❚❤✐s t❛❧❦✿ st✉❞② ♦❢ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s ✉♣ t♦ ✭P▲✲✮❤♦♠❡♦♠♦r♣❤✐s♠

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ▸ ❚❤✐s t❛❧❦✿ st✉❞② ♦❢ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s ✉♣ t♦ ✭P▲✲✮❤♦♠❡♦♠♦r♣❤✐s♠ ↔ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛t❡❞ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s ✭s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❛❧❄✮ ▸ ▸ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts ✴ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ♣r♦✈❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❛♥❞ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ▸ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ t❛s❦✿ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ▼ ❛♥❞ ◆ ✱ ✐s ▼ / ≅ ◆ ❄

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ▸ ❚❤✐s t❛❧❦✿ st✉❞② ♦❢ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s ✉♣ t♦ ✭P▲✲✮❤♦♠❡♦♠♦r♣❤✐s♠ ↔ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛t❡❞ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s ✭s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❛❧❄✮ ▸ ▸ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts ✴ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ♣r♦✈❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❛♥❞ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ▸ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ t❛s❦✿ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ▼ ❛♥❞ ◆ ✱ ✐s ▼ / ≅ ◆ ❄

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ▸ ❈❛♥ ✇❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s❄ ▸ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ✶✿ ✓ ▸ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ✷✿ ✓ ▸ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ✸✿ ❨❡s ✐♥ t❤❡♦r②✳ ◆♦ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✐♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✳ ▸ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ≥ ✹✿ ◆♦✳ ▸ ■✳❡✳✱ ✐ts tr✐✈✐❛❧✱ ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② ❞✐✣❝✉❧t✱ ♦r ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s✳ ▸ P❛rt✐❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✿ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥ts✱ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✉♥❞❡r ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▸ ❚✉r❛❡✈✲❱✐r♦ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥ts✿ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ ❢❛♠✐❧② ♦❢ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥ts ❢♦r ✸✲♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s ✶ ✷ ▸ ▼❡t❤♦❞ ♦❢ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ✇❤❡♥✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛t✐♥❣ ✸✲♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s ✶ ▼❛t✈❡❡✈✱ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✐❝ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✸✲♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s✱ ✷✵✵✸ ✷ ❑❛✉✛♠❛♥♥ ❛♥❞ ▲✐♥s✱ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❚✉r❛❡✈✲❱✐r♦ ✐♥✈✳ ❢♦r ✸✲♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s✱ ✶✾✾✶

❚✉r❛❡✈✲❱✐r♦ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥ts ❚❤❡ ❚✉r❛❡✈✲❱✐r♦ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ✇✐t❤ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs r ❛♥❞ q ✐s ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❚❱ r , q ∶ M → Q [ ζ ] ∩ R ✇❤❡r❡ ▸ M ❂ s❡t ♦❢ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✲♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s ✭❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞✱ ❝❧♦s❡❞✮ ▸ ζ = ❡ ✐ π q / r ; r , q ∈ Z ❝♦✲♣r✐♠❡❀ r ≥ ✸ ; ✵ < q < ✷ r ▸ ❈❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ✈✐❛ ♣✉r❡❧② ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❡✳

❚✉r❛❡✈✲❱✐r♦ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥ts ✕ st❛t❡✲s✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧ ▸ ▼ ∈ M tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✲♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞ ▸ ❱ ✱ ❊ ✱ ❋ ✱ ❚ ✐ts s❡t ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❡s✱ ❡❞❣❡s✱ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡s✱ ❛♥❞ t❡tr❛❤❡❞r❛ ▸ ϕ ∶ ❊ → { ✵ , ✶ ,..., r − ✷ } ❡❞❣❡ ❝♦❧♦✉r✐♥❣ s❛t✐s❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❛t ❛❧❧ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡s t ♦❢ ▼ ✿ ϕ ( ❡ ✐ ) + ϕ ( ❡ ❥ ) ∀ ✐ ≠ ❥ ≠ ❦ ≠ ✐ e 1 ≥ ϕ ( ❡ ❦ ) ❛♥❞ ≤ ✷ r − ✹ ▸ t e 2 ∑ ϕ ( ❡ ✐ ) ≡ ✵ ♠♦❞ ✷ e 3 ▸ ❈❛❧❧ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❛❞♠✐ss✐❜❧❡ ❝♦❧♦✉r✐♥❣s ❆❞♠ ( ▼ , r ) ▸ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ϕ ∈ ❆❞♠ ( ▼ , r ) ✱ ❡❞❣❡ ❡ ∈ ❊ ✱ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡ t ∈ ❋ ✱ ❛♥❞ t❡tr❛❤❡❞r♦♥ ∆ ∈ ❚ ✇❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✇❡✐❣❤ts ∣ ❡ ∣ ϕ ✱ ∣ t ∣ ϕ ✱ ❛♥❞ ∣ ∆ ∣ ϕ ✐♥ Q [ ζ ] ♦♥❧② ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ϕ ✭❛♥❞ r ❛♥❞ q ✮ ▸ ❚❱ r , q ( ▼ ) ( ∏ ∣ ❡ ∣ ϕ ⋅ ∏ ∣ t ∣ ϕ ⋅ ∏ ∣ ∆ ∣ ϕ ) ∑ = ❡ ∈ ❊ t ∈ ❋ ∆ ∈ ❚ ϕ ∈ ❆❞♠ ( ▼ , r )

❚✉r❛❡✈✲❱✐r♦ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥ts ✕ st❛t❡✲s✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧ ▸ ▼ ∈ M tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✲♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞ ▸ ❱ ✱ ❊ ✱ ❋ ✱ ❚ ✐ts s❡t ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❡s✱ ❡❞❣❡s✱ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡s✱ ❛♥❞ t❡tr❛❤❡❞r❛ ▸ ϕ ∶ ❊ → { ✵ , ✶ ,..., r − ✷ } ❡❞❣❡ ❝♦❧♦✉r✐♥❣ s❛t✐s❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❛t ❛❧❧ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡s t ♦❢ ▼ ✿ e 1 ≥ ∀ ✐ ≠ ❥ ≠ ❦ ≠ ✐ ϕ ( ❡ ✐ ) + ϕ ( ❡ ❥ ) ϕ ( ❡ ❦ ) ▸ t e 2 ≡ ❛♥❞ ≤ ✷ r − ✹ ∑ ϕ ( ❡ ✐ ) ✵ ♠♦❞ ✷ e 3 ▸ ❈❛❧❧ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❛❞♠✐ss✐❜❧❡ ❝♦❧♦✉r✐♥❣s ❆❞♠ ( ▼ , r ) ▸ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ϕ ∈ ❆❞♠ ( ▼ , r ) ✱ ❡❞❣❡ ❡ ∈ ❊ ✱ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡ t ∈ ❋ ✱ ❛♥❞ t❡tr❛❤❡❞r♦♥ ∆ ∈ ❚ ✇❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✇❡✐❣❤ts ∣ ❡ ∣ ϕ ✱ ∣ t ∣ ϕ ✱ ❛♥❞ ∣ ∆ ∣ ϕ ✐♥ Q [ ζ ] ♦♥❧② ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ϕ ✭❛♥❞ r ❛♥❞ q ✮ ▸ ❚❱ r , q ( ▼ ) ( ∏ ∣ ❡ ∣ ϕ ⋅ ∏ ∣ t ∣ ϕ ⋅ ∏ ∣ ∆ ∣ ϕ ) ∑ = ❡ ∈ ❊ t ∈ ❋ ∆ ∈ ❚ ϕ ∈ ❆❞♠ ( ▼ , r )

❚✉r❛❡✈✲❱✐r♦ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥ts ✕ st❛t❡✲s✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧ ▸ ▼ ∈ M tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛t❡❞ ✸✲♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞ ▸ ❱ ✱ ❊ ✱ ❋ ✱ ❚ ✐ts s❡t ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❡s✱ ❡❞❣❡s✱ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡s✱ ❛♥❞ t❡tr❛❤❡❞r❛ ▸ ϕ ∶ ❊ → { ✵ , ✶ ,..., r − ✷ } ❡❞❣❡ ❝♦❧♦✉r✐♥❣ s❛t✐s❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❛t ❛❧❧ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡s t ♦❢ ▼ ✿ e 1 ≥ ∀ ✐ ≠ ❥ ≠ ❦ ≠ ✐ ϕ ( ❡ ✐ ) + ϕ ( ❡ ❥ ) ϕ ( ❡ ❦ ) ▸ t e 2 ≡ ❛♥❞ ≤ ✷ r − ✹ ∑ ϕ ( ❡ ✐ ) ✵ ♠♦❞ ✷ e 3 ▸ ❈❛❧❧ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❛❞♠✐ss✐❜❧❡ ❝♦❧♦✉r✐♥❣s ❆❞♠ ( ▼ , r ) ▸ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ϕ ∈ ❆❞♠ ( ▼ , r ) ✱ ❡❞❣❡ ❡ ∈ ❊ ✱ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡ t ∈ ❋ ✱ ❛♥❞ t❡tr❛❤❡❞r♦♥ ∆ ∈ ❚ ✇❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✇❡✐❣❤ts ∣ ❡ ∣ ϕ ✱ ∣ t ∣ ϕ ✱ ❛♥❞ ∣ ∆ ∣ ϕ ✐♥ Q [ ζ ] ♦♥❧② ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ϕ ✭❛♥❞ r ❛♥❞ q ✮ ▸ ❚❱ r , q ( ▼ ) ( ∏ ∣ ❡ ∣ ϕ ⋅ ∏ ∣ t ∣ ϕ ⋅ ∏ ∣ ∆ ∣ ϕ ) ∑ = ❡ ∈ ❊ t ∈ ❋ ∆ ∈ ❚ ϕ ∈ ❆❞♠ ( ▼ , r )