srrt s - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

❖♥ s❡❧❢✲r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐❧❧✲♣♦s❡❞ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✐♥ ❇❛♥❛❝❤ s♣❛❝❡s ❜② ♣r♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❯r✈❡ ❑❛♥❣r♦✱ ❯♥♦ ❍ä♠❛r✐❦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❚❛rt✉✱ ❊st♦♥✐❛ ◆❡✇ ❚r❡♥❞s ✐♥ P❛r❛♠❡t❡r ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦ ✷✵✶✼ ❯✳ ❑❛♥❣r♦✱ ❯✳ ❍ä♠❛r✐❦ ✭❯♥✐✈✳ ♦❢ ❚❛rt✉✮ ❙❡❧❢✲r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❇❛♥❛❝❤ s♣❛❝❡s ❘✐♦ ✷✵✶✼ ✶ ✴ ✷✺

✶ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✷ Pr♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ n = n ( δ ) ❈❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ n = n ( δ ) ❜② t❤❡ ❞✐s❝r❡♣❛♥❝② ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝r❡♣❛♥❝② ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ✸ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✿ ❈♦❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r ❱♦❧t❡rr❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦r❞✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s P♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ ❝♦❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r ❝♦r❞✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ❙♣❧✐♥❡✲❝♦❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❱♦❧t❡rr❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❯✳ ❑❛♥❣r♦✱ ❯✳ ❍ä♠❛r✐❦ ✭❯♥✐✈✳ ♦❢ ❚❛rt✉✮ ❙❡❧❢✲r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❇❛♥❛❝❤ s♣❛❝❡s ❘✐♦ ✷✵✶✼ ✷ ✴ ✷✺

❚②♣✐❝❛❧❧② t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ✐♥✜♥✐t❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ s♣❛❝❡✳ ■❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ✐❧❧✲♣♦s❡❞✱ t❤❡♥ ✉s✉❛❧❧② ✐t ✐s ✜rst r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❡❞✳ ❖❢t❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✇♦r❦s ❛s r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ✇❡❧❧✿ ✐❢ ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ♥♦✐s② ✇✐t❤ ❦♥♦✇♥ ♥♦✐s❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ✱ t❤❡♥ ❜② ♣r♦♣❡r ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❡❞ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ♥♦✐s② ❞❛t❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡ t♦ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❡①❛❝t ❞❛t❛✳ ▼♦st r❡s✉❧ts ❛❜♦✉t s❡❧❢✲r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❍✐❧❜❡rt s♣❛❝❡s✳ ❇✉t ❢♦r ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s t❤❡ ♠♦st ♥❛t✉r❛❧ s♣❛❝❡ ✐s ✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦r ✶ ✐s ✉s❡❢✉❧ t♦ r❡❝♦✈❡r s♣❛rs❡ ❝♦❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦r q✉❛❞r❛t✉r❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ❖❢t❡♥ ❛❧s♦ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ▲❡t E , F ❜❡ ❇❛♥❛❝❤ s♣❛❝❡s✱ A ∈ L ( E , F ) ✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ Au = f , ✭✶✮ ✇❤❡r❡ f ∈ R ( A ) ✐s ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥✱ ♦♥❧② ♥♦✐s② ❞❛t❛ f δ ✇✐t❤ � f δ − f � F ≤ δ ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ❯✳ ❑❛♥❣r♦✱ ❯✳ ❍ä♠❛r✐❦ ✭❯♥✐✈✳ ♦❢ ❚❛rt✉✮ ❙❡❧❢✲r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❇❛♥❛❝❤ s♣❛❝❡s ❘✐♦ ✷✵✶✼ ✸ ✴ ✷✺

▼♦st r❡s✉❧ts ❛❜♦✉t s❡❧❢✲r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❍✐❧❜❡rt s♣❛❝❡s✳ ❇✉t ❢♦r ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s t❤❡ ♠♦st ♥❛t✉r❛❧ s♣❛❝❡ ✐s ✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦r ✶ ✐s ✉s❡❢✉❧ t♦ r❡❝♦✈❡r s♣❛rs❡ ❝♦❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦r q✉❛❞r❛t✉r❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ❖❢t❡♥ ❛❧s♦ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ▲❡t E , F ❜❡ ❇❛♥❛❝❤ s♣❛❝❡s✱ A ∈ L ( E , F ) ✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ Au = f , ✭✶✮ ✇❤❡r❡ f ∈ R ( A ) ✐s ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥✱ ♦♥❧② ♥♦✐s② ❞❛t❛ f δ ✇✐t❤ � f δ − f � F ≤ δ ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ❚②♣✐❝❛❧❧② t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ✐♥✜♥✐t❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ s♣❛❝❡✳ ■❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ✐❧❧✲♣♦s❡❞✱ t❤❡♥ ✉s✉❛❧❧② ✐t ✐s ✜rst r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❡❞✳ ❖❢t❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✇♦r❦s ❛s r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ✇❡❧❧✿ ✐❢ ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ♥♦✐s② ✇✐t❤ ❦♥♦✇♥ ♥♦✐s❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ δ ✱ t❤❡♥ ❜② ♣r♦♣❡r ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ n = n ( δ ) t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❡❞ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ♥♦✐s② ❞❛t❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡ t♦ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❡①❛❝t ❞❛t❛✳ ❯✳ ❑❛♥❣r♦✱ ❯✳ ❍ä♠❛r✐❦ ✭❯♥✐✈✳ ♦❢ ❚❛rt✉✮ ❙❡❧❢✲r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❇❛♥❛❝❤ s♣❛❝❡s ❘✐♦ ✷✵✶✼ ✸ ✴ ✷✺

❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ▲❡t E , F ❜❡ ❇❛♥❛❝❤ s♣❛❝❡s✱ A ∈ L ( E , F ) ✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ Au = f , ✭✶✮ ✇❤❡r❡ f ∈ R ( A ) ✐s ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥✱ ♦♥❧② ♥♦✐s② ❞❛t❛ f δ ✇✐t❤ � f δ − f � F ≤ δ ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ❚②♣✐❝❛❧❧② t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ✐♥✜♥✐t❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ s♣❛❝❡✳ ■❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ✐❧❧✲♣♦s❡❞✱ t❤❡♥ ✉s✉❛❧❧② ✐t ✐s ✜rst r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❡❞✳ ❖❢t❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✇♦r❦s ❛s r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ✇❡❧❧✿ ✐❢ ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ♥♦✐s② ✇✐t❤ ❦♥♦✇♥ ♥♦✐s❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ δ ✱ t❤❡♥ ❜② ♣r♦♣❡r ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ n = n ( δ ) t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❡❞ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ♥♦✐s② ❞❛t❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡ t♦ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❡①❛❝t ❞❛t❛✳ ▼♦st r❡s✉❧ts ❛❜♦✉t s❡❧❢✲r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❍✐❧❜❡rt s♣❛❝❡s✳ ❇✉t ❢♦r ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s t❤❡ ♠♦st ♥❛t✉r❛❧ s♣❛❝❡ ✐s C ✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦r ❝♦❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦r q✉❛❞r❛t✉r❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ❖❢t❡♥ ❛❧s♦ L ✶ ✐s ✉s❡❢✉❧ t♦ r❡❝♦✈❡r s♣❛rs❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ❯✳ ❑❛♥❣r♦✱ ❯✳ ❍ä♠❛r✐❦ ✭❯♥✐✈✳ ♦❢ ❚❛rt✉✮ ❙❡❧❢✲r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❇❛♥❛❝❤ s♣❛❝❡s ❘✐♦ ✷✵✶✼ ✸ ✴ ✷✺

❉❡✜♥❡ ✿ ✳ ❚❤❡♥ ✭✷✮ ✳ s✉♣ s✉♣ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✳ ❈♦❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s✳ ✱ s♣❛♥ ✶ ✱ ✳ ✭✷✮ ✶ ✳ Pr♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❆ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t ✭✶✮ ✐s ✉♥✐q✉❡❧② s♦❧✈❛❜❧❡✳ ▲❡t u ∗ ❜❡ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❡①❛❝t f ✳ ▲❡t E n ⊆ E ✱ Z n ⊆ F ∗ ❜❡ ✜♥✐t❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ s✉❜s♣❛❝❡s✱ ❞✐♠ E n = ❞✐♠ Z n ✳ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞✿ ✜♥❞ u n ∈ E n s✉❝❤ t❤❛t ∀ z n ∈ Z n � z n , Au n � F ∗ , F = � z n , f δ � F ∗ , F . ✭✷✮ ❯✳ ❑❛♥❣r♦✱ ❯✳ ❍ä♠❛r✐❦ ✭❯♥✐✈✳ ♦❢ ❚❛rt✉✮ ❙❡❧❢✲r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❇❛♥❛❝❤ s♣❛❝❡s ❘✐♦ ✷✵✶✼ ✹ ✴ ✷✺