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s r rrs r st - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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s r rrs r st t t t rrstt t

slide-1
SLIDE 1

❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t ❛ ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥❄

❉♦♠❡♥✐❝♦ ❈❛♥t♦♥❡✶✱ ❆❧❜❡rt♦ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡✷✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡s❝♦ ❋❛❜r✐s✷✱ ❛♥❞ ❊✉❣❡♥✐♦ ❖♠♦❞❡♦✷

❉❡♣t✳ ♦❢ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❈❛t❛♥✐❛✱ ■t❛❧②✳ ❉❡♣t✳ ♦❢ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ●❡♦s❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❚r✐❡st❡✱ ■t❛❧②✳

❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✱ ✷✵✶✾

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✶✴✶✷

slide-2
SLIDE 2

Pr❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❙♣✐r✐t ❛♥❞ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡

❚❤✐s ✐s ❛ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♣❛♣❡r ✉♥✐❢②✐♥❣ ♠❛♥② r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ✇♦r❦s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s ❧✐❦❡ ∃ a , d , ℓ , s , x , h

  • (c − ✶)✷ + n = ✵ ∨ (n ✶ ✫ c + b = ✵) ∨
  • n ✶ ✫ b ✶ ✫ J (a, d) ✫ d > ℓ ✫ a > b + n

✫

ℓ✷ = (a✷ − ✶)

  • n + (a − ✶) s

✷ + ✶ ✫ Q(b + n − ✷, h) = x✷

✫

✷ a b − b✷ − ✶

  • (b + n + ✶) x
  • ♠❛①
  • c + ✶
  • ✫

✷ a b − b✷ − ✶ | ℓ −

  • a − b

(a − ✶) s + n

  • − c

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✷✴✶✷

slide-3
SLIDE 3

Pr❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❙♣✐r✐t ❛♥❞ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ❲❛✐t✱ ❞♦♥✬t r✉♥ ❛✇❛② ✳ ✳ ✳ ■ ✇❛s ❥♦❦✐♥❣

❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❞❡t❛✐❧s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❣❡♥t❧② ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♠♦t✐✈❛t❡ ♦✉r ✐♥t❡r❡st s✉❣❣❡st ❛ r♦✉t❡ t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r ■❢ ②♦✉r ❛r❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧s✱ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❧♦♦❦ ❛t t❤❡ ♣❛♣❡r

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✷✴✶✷

slide-4
SLIDE 4

Pr❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❙♣✐r✐t ❛♥❞ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ❲❛✐t✱ ❞♦♥✬t r✉♥ ❛✇❛② ✳ ✳ ✳ ■ ✇❛s ❥♦❦✐♥❣

❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❞❡t❛✐❧s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❣❡♥t❧② ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♠♦t✐✈❛t❡ ♦✉r ✐♥t❡r❡st s✉❣❣❡st ❛ r♦✉t❡ t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r ■❢ ②♦✉r ❛r❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧s✱ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❧♦♦❦ ❛t t❤❡ ♣❛♣❡r

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✷✴✶✷

slide-5
SLIDE 5

❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡❧✬s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s

❉❡❢✐♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭❊①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❉❡❢✐♥❛❜❧❡ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✮ R ⊆ Nn ✐s ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ J (•, . . . , •) ✐❢ R(a✶, . . . , an) ⇐

⇒

( ∃ x✶ · · · ∃ xm ) ϕ(

✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s

  • a✶, . . . , an
  • ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs

, x✶, . . . , xm

  • ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥s

) ❤♦❧❞s✱ ♦✈❡r N✱ ❢♦r s♦♠❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ϕ t❤❛t ♦♥❧② ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s✿ t❤❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❝♦♥st❛♥ts ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈❡s ✫ ✱ ✱ ✱ ❛ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❢♦r ✖✖✖✖ ❲❤❡♥ ✐s ❛❜s❡♥t✱ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡✳

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✸✴✶✷

slide-6
SLIDE 6

❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡❧✬s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s

❉❡❢✐♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭❊①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❉❡❢✐♥❛❜❧❡ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✮ R ⊆ Nn ✐s ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ J (•, . . . , •) ✐❢ R(a✶, . . . , an) ⇐

⇒

( ∃ x✶ · · · ∃ xm ) ϕ(

✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s

  • a✶, . . . , an
  • ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs

, x✶, . . . , xm

  • ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥s

) ❤♦❧❞s✱ ♦✈❡r N✱ ❢♦r s♦♠❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ϕ t❤❛t ♦♥❧② ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s✿ t❤❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❝♦♥st❛♥ts ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈❡s ✫ ✱ ✱ ✱ ❛ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❢♦r ✖✖✖✖ ❲❤❡♥ ✐s ❛❜s❡♥t✱ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡✳

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✸✴✶✷

slide-7
SLIDE 7

❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡❧✬s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s

❉❡❢✐♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭❊①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❉❡❢✐♥❛❜❧❡ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✮ R ⊆ Nn ✐s ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ J (•, . . . , •) ✐❢ R(a✶, . . . , an) ⇐

⇒

( ∃ x✶ · · · ∃ xm ) ϕ(

✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s

  • a✶, . . . , an
  • ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs

, x✶, . . . , xm

  • ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥s

) ❤♦❧❞s✱ ♦✈❡r N✱ ❢♦r s♦♠❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ϕ t❤❛t ♦♥❧② ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s✿ t❤❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❝♦♥st❛♥ts ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈❡s ✫ ✱ ∨✱ ∃ x✱ = ❛ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❢♦r ✖✖✖✖ ❲❤❡♥ ✐s ❛❜s❡♥t✱ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡✳

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✸✴✶✷

slide-8
SLIDE 8

❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡❧✬s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s

❉❡❢✐♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭❊①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❉❡❢✐♥❛❜❧❡ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✮ R ⊆ Nn ✐s ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ J (•, . . . , •) ✐❢ R(a✶, . . . , an) ⇐

⇒

( ∃ x✶ · · · ∃ xm ) ϕ(

✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s

  • a✶, . . . , an
  • ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs

, x✶, . . . , xm

  • ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥s

) ❤♦❧❞s✱ ♦✈❡r N✱ ❢♦r s♦♠❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ϕ t❤❛t ♦♥❧② ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s✿ t❤❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❝♦♥st❛♥ts ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈❡s ✫ ✱ ∨✱ ∃ x✱ = ❛ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❢♦r J ✖✖✖✖ ❲❤❡♥ ✐s ❛❜s❡♥t✱ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡✳

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✸✴✶✷

slide-9
SLIDE 9

❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡❧✬s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s

❉❡❢✐♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭❊①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❉❡❢✐♥❛❜❧❡ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✮ R ⊆ Nn ✐s ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ J (•, . . . , •) ✐❢ R(a✶, . . . , an) ⇐

⇒

( ∃ x✶ · · · ∃ xm ) ϕ(

✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s

  • a✶, . . . , an
  • ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs

, x✶, . . . , xm

  • ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥s

) ❤♦❧❞s✱ ♦✈❡r N✱ ❢♦r s♦♠❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ϕ t❤❛t ♦♥❧② ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s✿ t❤❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❝♦♥st❛♥ts ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈❡s ✫ ✱ ∨✱ ∃ x✱ = ❛ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❢♦r J ✖✖✖✖ ❲❤❡♥ J ✐s ❛❜s❡♥t✱ R ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡✳

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✸✴✶✷

slide-10
SLIDE 10

❙♦♠❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s

a = b + x + ✶ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❡s a = (x + ✷) · (y + ✷) ∨ a + x = ✶ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❡s ✐s ♥♦t ♣r✐♠❡ b = x · a + y + ✶ ✫ b = y + ✶ + z + ✶ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❡s aa = ✶ ✫ xx = a + ✶ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❡s ✵ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥② ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝ts ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ ❛s ❞♦♥❡ ❢♦r ✱ ✱ ❛♥❞ ✐s ♥♦t ♣r✐♠❡

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✹✴✶✷

slide-11
SLIDE 11

❙♦♠❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s

a = b + x + ✶ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❡s a > b a = (x + ✷) · (y + ✷) ∨ a + x = ✶ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❡s a ✐s ♥♦t ♣r✐♠❡ b = x · a + y + ✶ ✫ b = y + ✶ + z + ✶ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❡s b ∤ a aa = ✶ ✫ xx = a + ✶ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❡s a = ✵ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥② ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝ts ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ ❛s ❞♦♥❡ ❢♦r ✱ ✱ ❛♥❞ ✐s ♥♦t ♣r✐♠❡

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✹✴✶✷

slide-12
SLIDE 12

❙♦♠❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s

a = b + x + ✶ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❡s a > b a = (x + ✷) · (y + ✷) ∨ a + x = ✶ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❡s a ✐s ♥♦t ♣r✐♠❡ b = x · a + y + ✶ ✫ b = y + ✶ + z + ✶ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❡s b ∤ a aa = ✶ ✫ xx = a + ✶ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❡s a = ✵ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥② ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝ts ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ ❛s ❞♦♥❡ ❢♦r

  • > •✱ • ∤ •✱ ❛♥❞ • ✐s ♥♦t ♣r✐♠❡

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✹✴✶✷

slide-13
SLIDE 13

❚✇♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤❡♦r❡♠s

❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✭❉P❘ t❤❡♦r❡♠ ❬❉P❘✻✶❪✮ ❊✈❡r② r✳❡✳ s❡t ✐s ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ✏❆❢t❡r t❤❡ ❉P❘✲t❤❡♦r❡♠ ✇❛s ♣r♦✈❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✾✻✶✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤ t❤❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❡✈❡r② ❡❢✲ ❢❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ✐t ✇❛s s✉✣❝✐❡♥t t♦ ✜♥❞ ❛ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ♦♥❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r s❡t ♦❢ tr✐♣❧❡s ⑤ ✭✶✷✮ ✑ ❬▼❛t✶✵✱ ♣✳ ✼✹✽❪ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✭▼❛t✐②❛s❡✈✐❝❤✬s t❤❡♦r❡♠ ✭▼❘❉P✮ ❬▼❛t✼✹❪✮ ❊✈❡r② r✳❡✳ s❡t ✐s ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❛❜❧❡

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✺✴✶✷

slide-14
SLIDE 14

❚✇♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤❡♦r❡♠s

❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✭❉P❘ t❤❡♦r❡♠ ❬❉P❘✻✶❪✮ ❊✈❡r② r✳❡✳ s❡t ✐s ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ✏❆❢t❡r t❤❡ ❉P❘✲t❤❡♦r❡♠ ✇❛s ♣r♦✈❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✾✻✶✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤ t❤❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❡✈❡r② ❡❢✲ ❢❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ✐t ✇❛s s✉✣❝✐❡♥t t♦ ✜♥❞ ❛ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ♦♥❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r s❡t ♦❢ tr✐♣❧❡s { a, b, c ⑤ a = bc }. ✭✶✷✮ ✑ ❬▼❛t✶✵✱ ♣✳ ✼✹✽❪ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✭▼❛t✐②❛s❡✈✐❝❤✬s t❤❡♦r❡♠ ✭▼❘❉P✮ ❬▼❛t✼✹❪✮ ❊✈❡r② r✳❡✳ s❡t ✐s ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❛❜❧❡

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✺✴✶✷

slide-15
SLIDE 15

❙✐♥❣❧❡❢♦❧❞✲♥❡ss

❉❡❢✐♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭❙✐♥❣❧❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧ ❞❡❢✐♥✐t✐♦♥s✮ ❆♥ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ∃ x ϕ( a , x ) ✭ ❛s ❛❜♦✈❡ ✮ ✐s s✐♥❣❧❡✲❢♦❧❞ ✐❢ ∀ a ∀ x ∀ y

  • ϕ(

a , x ) ✫ ϕ( a , y) = ⇒

  • x =

y

  • ✭ ✐✳❡✳✱ ϕ( a✶, . . . , an , x✶, . . . , xm ) ♥❡✈❡r ❤❛s ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✮✳

❋✐♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧ ❞❡❢✐♥✐t✐♦♥s ❚❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞✲♥❡ss ✐s ❛❦✐♥✿ ❚♦ ❡❛❝❤ t❤❡r❡ ♠✉st ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✻✴✶✷

slide-16
SLIDE 16

❙✐♥❣❧❡❢♦❧❞✲♥❡ss

❉❡❢✐♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭❙✐♥❣❧❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧ ❞❡❢✐♥✐t✐♦♥s✮ ❆♥ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ∃ x ϕ( a , x ) ✭ ❛s ❛❜♦✈❡ ✮ ✐s s✐♥❣❧❡✲❢♦❧❞ ✐❢ ∀ a ∀ x ∀ y

  • ϕ(

a , x ) ✫ ϕ( a , y) = ⇒

  • x =

y

  • ✭ ✐✳❡✳✱ ϕ( a✶, . . . , an , x✶, . . . , xm ) ♥❡✈❡r ❤❛s ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✮✳

❋✐♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧ ❞❡❢✐♥✐t✐♦♥s ❚❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞✲♥❡ss ✐s ❛❦✐♥✿ ❚♦ ❡❛❝❤ a t❤❡r❡ ♠✉st ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✻✴✶✷

slide-17
SLIDE 17

❆ ❙✐❣♥✐❢✐❝❛♥t ■♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t t♦ ❉P❘

❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✭❆♥ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t t♦ ❉P❘ ❬▼❛t✼✹❪✮ ❊✈❡r② r✳❡✳ s❡t ❛❞♠✐ts ❛♥ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧ s✐♥❣❧❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥✳ ✏❚♦❞❛② ✇❡ ❛r❡ ✐♥ ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ s✐♥❣❧❡✲❢♦❧❞ ✭❛♥❞ ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞✮ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s✑ ✭✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ ✏✐t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t t♦ ✜♥❞ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡✲❢♦❧❞ ✭♦r✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✱ ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞✮ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥✲ t✐♥❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s❡t ♦❢ tr✐♣❧❡s✑ ✐✳❡✳✱ ⑤ ❬▼❛t✶✵✱ ♣✳ ✼✹✽❪ ❆✐♠❡❞ r❡s✉❧t ❊✈❡r② r✳❡✳ s❡t ❛❞♠✐ts ❛♥ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧ s✐♥❣❧❡✴✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥✳

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✼✴✶✷

slide-18
SLIDE 18

❆ ❙✐❣♥✐❢✐❝❛♥t ■♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t t♦ ❉P❘

❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✭❆♥ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t t♦ ❉P❘ ❬▼❛t✼✹❪✮ ❊✈❡r② r✳❡✳ s❡t ❛❞♠✐ts ❛♥ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧ s✐♥❣❧❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥✳ ✏❚♦❞❛② ✇❡ ❛r❡ ✐♥ ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ s✐♥❣❧❡✲❢♦❧❞ ✭❛♥❞ ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞✮ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s✑ ✭✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ ✏✐t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t t♦ ✜♥❞ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡✲❢♦❧❞ ✭♦r✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✱ ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞✮ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥✲ t✐♥❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s❡t ♦❢ tr✐♣❧❡s✑ ✐✳❡✳✱ { a, b, c ⑤ a = bc }. ❬▼❛t✶✵✱ ♣✳ ✼✹✽❪ ❆✐♠❡❞ r❡s✉❧t ❊✈❡r② r✳❡✳ s❡t ❛❞♠✐ts ❛♥ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧ s✐♥❣❧❡✴✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥✳

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✼✴✶✷

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SLIDE 19

❆ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♥❣ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❋✐♥✐t❡ ❋♦❧❞♥❡ss

▲❡t P(a, x) ❜❡ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡✱ ❧❡t M ❜❡ t❤❡ s❡t✿ a ∈ M ⇐ ⇒ ∃ x {P(a, x) = ✵}, ❛♥❞ ❧❡t Mn ❜❡ ❛♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ♦❢ M✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ Mn = M ∩ {k | k n} ❍♦✇ ♠❛♥② ❜✐t ❞♦ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t ❄ tr✐✈✐❛❧❧②✱ ❜✐ts✿ ✶ ✐✛ ✐❢ ✐s r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡✱ ❧♦❣ ❜✐ts ✐❢ ✐s r✳❡✳✱ ✷ ❧♦❣ ❜✐ts t♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t ❜♦t❤ ❛♥❞ ✳ ✵ ✐s ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ✉♥t✐❧ ✇❡ ❣❡t ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✽✴✶✷

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SLIDE 20

❆ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♥❣ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❋✐♥✐t❡ ❋♦❧❞♥❡ss

▲❡t P(a, x) ❜❡ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡✱ ❧❡t M ❜❡ t❤❡ s❡t✿ a ∈ M ⇐ ⇒ ∃ x {P(a, x) = ✵}, ❛♥❞ ❧❡t Mn ❜❡ ❛♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ♦❢ M✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ Mn = M ∩ {k | k n} ❍♦✇ ♠❛♥② ❜✐t ❞♦ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t Mn❄ tr✐✈✐❛❧❧②✱ n ❜✐ts✿ ✶ ✐✛ k ∈ M ✐❢ ✐s r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡✱ ❧♦❣ ❜✐ts ✐❢ ✐s r✳❡✳✱ ✷ ❧♦❣ ❜✐ts t♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t ❜♦t❤ ❛♥❞ ✳ ✵ ✐s ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ✉♥t✐❧ ✇❡ ❣❡t ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✽✴✶✷

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SLIDE 21

❆ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♥❣ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❋✐♥✐t❡ ❋♦❧❞♥❡ss

▲❡t P(a, x) ❜❡ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡✱ ❧❡t M ❜❡ t❤❡ s❡t✿ a ∈ M ⇐ ⇒ ∃ x {P(a, x) = ✵}, ❛♥❞ ❧❡t Mn ❜❡ ❛♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ♦❢ M✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ Mn = M ∩ {k | k n} ❍♦✇ ♠❛♥② ❜✐t ❞♦ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t Mn❄ tr✐✈✐❛❧❧②✱ n ❜✐ts✿ ✶ ✐✛ k ∈ M ✐❢ M ✐s r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡✱ ❧♦❣ n ❜✐ts ✐❢ ✐s r✳❡✳✱ ✷ ❧♦❣ ❜✐ts t♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t ❜♦t❤ ❛♥❞ ✳ ✵ ✐s ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ✉♥t✐❧ ✇❡ ❣❡t ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✽✴✶✷

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SLIDE 22

❆ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♥❣ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❋✐♥✐t❡ ❋♦❧❞♥❡ss

▲❡t P(a, x) ❜❡ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡✱ ❧❡t M ❜❡ t❤❡ s❡t✿ a ∈ M ⇐ ⇒ ∃ x {P(a, x) = ✵}, ❛♥❞ ❧❡t Mn ❜❡ ❛♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ♦❢ M✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ Mn = M ∩ {k | k n} ❍♦✇ ♠❛♥② ❜✐t ❞♦ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t Mn❄ tr✐✈✐❛❧❧②✱ n ❜✐ts✿ ✶ ✐✛ k ∈ M ✐❢ M ✐s r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡✱ ❧♦❣ n ❜✐ts ✐❢ M ✐s r✳❡✳✱ ✷ ❧♦❣ n ❜✐ts t♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t ❜♦t❤ n ❛♥❞ k✳ ✵ ∈ M|| . . . ||n ∈ M ✐s ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ✉♥t✐❧ ✇❡ ❣❡t k ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✽✴✶✷

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SLIDE 23

❆ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♥❣ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❋✐♥✐t❡ ❋♦❧❞♥❡ss

❈❤❛✐t✐♥ ❬❈❤❛✽✼❪ ❜✉✐❧t t✇♦ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s ❛♥❞ ❛ M a ∈ M ⇐ ⇒ ∃∞ x {EL(a, x) = ER(a, x)} , ✭✾✮ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✏✇❤❛t❡✈❡r s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♣r❡✜①✲❢r❡❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐s ✉s❡❞✱ ❜✐ts ✭✉♣ t♦ ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t✮ ❛r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❢♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ✭✾✮ ♦❢ ✑ ❬▼❛t✶✵✱ ♣✳ ✼✹✼❪

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✽✴✶✷

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SLIDE 24

❆ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♥❣ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❋✐♥✐t❡ ❋♦❧❞♥❡ss

❈❤❛✐t✐♥ ❬❈❤❛✽✼❪ ❜✉✐❧t t✇♦ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s ❛♥❞ ❛ M a ∈ M ⇐ ⇒ ∃∞ x {EL(a, x) = ER(a, x)} , ✭✾✮ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✏✇❤❛t❡✈❡r s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♣r❡✜①✲❢r❡❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐s ✉s❡❞✱ n ❜✐ts ✭✉♣ t♦ ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t✮ ❛r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❢♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ✭✾✮ ♦❢ M✑ ❬▼❛t✶✵✱ ♣✳ ✼✹✼❪

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✽✴✶✷

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SLIDE 25

■♥tr♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❉❡t❛✐❧s ❛♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ◗✉✐t ❆❙❆P

■❢ t❤❡r❡ ❡①✐sts ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ D ⊆ N × N st❛t✐❢②✐♥❣ ❚❤❡r❡ ❡①✐st ✐♥t❡❣❡rs α > ✶ , β ✵ , γ ✵ , δ > ✵ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t t♦ ❡❛❝❤ w ∈ N ♦t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ✵ t❤❡r❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ p , q s✉❝❤ t❤❛t D(p, q)✱ p < γ wβ✱ ❛♥❞ q > δ αw ❤♦❧❞✳ t❤❡♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ ❬▼❛t✶✵❪ ✹ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ❢♦r ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛t ❈■▲❈ ♦♥❡ ②❡❛r ❛❣♦

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✾✴✶✷

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SLIDE 26

■♥tr♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❉❡t❛✐❧s ❛♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ◗✉✐t ❆❙❆P

■❢ t❤❡r❡ ❡①✐sts ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ D ⊆ N × N st❛t✐❢②✐♥❣ ❚❤❡r❡ ❡①✐st ✐♥t❡❣❡rs α > ✶ , β ✵ , γ ✵ , δ > ✵ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t t♦ ❡❛❝❤ w ∈ N ♦t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ✵ t❤❡r❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ p , q s✉❝❤ t❤❛t D(p, q)✱ p < γ wβ✱ ❛♥❞ q > δ αw ❤♦❧❞✳ t❤❡♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ ❬▼❛t✶✵❪ ✹ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ❢♦r D ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛t ❈■▲❈ ♦♥❡ ②❡❛r ❛❣♦

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✾✴✶✷

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SLIDE 27

❚❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥✦

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✶✵✴✶✷

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SLIDE 28
  • r❡❣♦r② ❈❤❛✐t✐♥✳

❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✐❝ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡♦r②✳ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡ ❯♥✐✈✳ Pr❡ss✱ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✱ ✶✾✽✼✳ ▼❛rt✐♥ ❉❛✈✐s✱ ❍✐❧❛r② P✉t♥❛♠✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✉❧✐❛ ❘♦❜✐♥s♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❢♦r ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❆♥♥❛❧s ♦❢ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✱ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ❙❡r✐❡s✱ ✼✹✭✸✮✿✹✷✺✕✹✸✻✱ ✶✾✻✶✳ ❨✉✳ ❱✳ ▼❛t✐②❛s❡✈✐❝❤✳ ❙✉s❤❝❤❡st✈♦✈❛♥✐❡ ♥❡è✛❡❦t✐✈✐③✐r✉❡♠②❦❤ ♦ts❡♥♦❦ ✈ t❡♦r✐✐ è❦♣♦♥❡♥ts✐❛❧✬♥♦ ❞✐♦❢❛♥t♦✈②❦❤ ✉r❛✈♥❡♥✐✟ ✙✳ ❩❛♣✐s❦✐ ◆❛✉❝❤♥②❦❤ ❙❡♠✐♥❛r♦✈ ▲❡♥✐♥❣r❛❞s❦♦❣♦ ❖t❞❡❧❡♥✐②❛ ▼❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❤❡s❦♦❣♦ ■♥st✐t✉t❛ ✐♠✳ ❱✳ ❆✳ ❙t❡❦❧♦✈❛ ❆◆ ❙❙❙❘ ✭▲❖▼■✮✱ ✹✵✿✼✼✕✾✸✱ ✶✾✼✹✳ ✭❘✉ss✐❛♥✳ ❚r❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ ❛s ❨✉✳ ❱✳ ▼❛t✐②❛s❡✈✐❝❤✱ ❊①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♥♦♥❡✛❡❝t✐✈✐③❛❜❧❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❙♦✈✐❡t ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✱ ✽✭✸✮✿✷✾✾✕✸✶✶✱ ✶✾✼✼✮✳ ❨✉✳ ▼❛t✐②❛s❡✈✐❝❤✳ ❚♦✇❛r❞s ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ✶✼✶✭✻✮✿✼✹✺✕✼✺✷✱ ❉❡❝ ✷✵✶✵✳

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✶✶✴✶✷

slide-29
SLIDE 29

❆ ✏s✐❜❧✐♥❣✑ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❛❧t✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠

❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ ❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ H ∈ Z[ a , x✵ , x✶ , . . . , xκ , y , w ] s✉❝❤ t❤❛t

✶ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ❛ ∈ N✱ t❤❡r❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s ❛t ♠♦st ♦♥❡ t✉♣❧❡

✈ ✵, ✈ ✶, . . . , ✈ κ, ✉ ∈ Nκ+✷ s✳t✳ H(❛, ✈ ✵, ✈ ✶, . . . , ✈ κ, ✉, ✷✉) > ✵❀

✷ t♦ ❛♥② ♠♦♥❛❞✐❝ t♦t❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❜❧❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥

✱ t❤❡r❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ t✉♣❧❡s ❛ ✈ ✵ ✈ ✶ ✈ ✉

✸ s✳t✳

❛ ✈ ✵ ✈ ✶ ✈ ✉ ✷✉ ✵ ❛♥❞ ♠❛① ✈ ✵ ✈ ✶ ✈ ✉ ❛ ❈❧✉❡✿ ❘❡❢❡r t♦ ❛♥ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t ❡♥✉♠❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❢ ✵ ❢ ✶ ❢ ✷ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ♠♦♥❛❞✐❝ ♣❛rt✐❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❜❧❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t♦ ❛ ✉♥✐✈♦❝❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ à ❧❛ ▼❛t✐②❛s❡✈✐❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢

✶

✶ ✷✱ ❛s s❤♦✇♥ ❛❜♦✈❡✳ P✉t✿ ✵ ✶

❉❡❢

✶

✷ ✵ ✶

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✶✶✴✶✷

slide-30
SLIDE 30

❆ ✏s✐❜❧✐♥❣✑ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❛❧t✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠

❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ ❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ H ∈ Z[ a , x✵ , x✶ , . . . , xκ , y , w ] s✉❝❤ t❤❛t

✶ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ❛ ∈ N✱ t❤❡r❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s ❛t ♠♦st ♦♥❡ t✉♣❧❡

✈ ✵, ✈ ✶, . . . , ✈ κ, ✉ ∈ Nκ+✷ s✳t✳ H(❛, ✈ ✵, ✈ ✶, . . . , ✈ κ, ✉, ✷✉) > ✵❀

✷ t♦ ❛♥② ♠♦♥❛❞✐❝ t♦t❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❜❧❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ C✱ t❤❡r❡

❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ t✉♣❧❡s ❛, ✈ ✵, ✈ ✶, . . . , ✈ κ, ✉ ∈ Nκ+✸ s✳t✳ H(❛, ✈ ✵, ✈ ✶, . . . , ✈ κ, ✉, ✷✉) > ✵ ❛♥❞ ♠❛①

  • ✈ ✵, ✈ ✶, . . . , ✈ κ, ✉
  • >

C(❛) . ❈❧✉❡✿ ❘❡❢❡r t♦ ❛♥ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t ❡♥✉♠❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❢ ✵ ❢ ✶ ❢ ✷ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ♠♦♥❛❞✐❝ ♣❛rt✐❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❜❧❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t♦ ❛ ✉♥✐✈♦❝❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ à ❧❛ ▼❛t✐②❛s❡✈✐❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢

✶

✶ ✷✱ ❛s s❤♦✇♥ ❛❜♦✈❡✳ P✉t✿ ✵ ✶

❉❡❢

✶

✷ ✵ ✶

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✶✶✴✶✷

slide-31
SLIDE 31

❆ ✏s✐❜❧✐♥❣✑ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❛❧t✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠

❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ ❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ H ∈ Z[ a , x✵ , x✶ , . . . , xκ , y , w ] s✉❝❤ t❤❛t

✶ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ❛ ∈ N✱ t❤❡r❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s ❛t ♠♦st ♦♥❡ t✉♣❧❡

✈ ✵, ✈ ✶, . . . , ✈ κ, ✉ ∈ Nκ+✷ s✳t✳ H(❛, ✈ ✵, ✈ ✶, . . . , ✈ κ, ✉, ✷✉) > ✵❀

✷ t♦ ❛♥② ♠♦♥❛❞✐❝ t♦t❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❜❧❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ C✱ t❤❡r❡

❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ t✉♣❧❡s ❛, ✈ ✵, ✈ ✶, . . . , ✈ κ, ✉ ∈ Nκ+✸ s✳t✳ H(❛, ✈ ✵, ✈ ✶, . . . , ✈ κ, ✉, ✷✉) > ✵ ❛♥❞ ♠❛①

  • ✈ ✵, ✈ ✶, . . . , ✈ κ, ✉
  • >

C(❛) . ❈❧✉❡✿ ❘❡❢❡r t♦ ❛♥ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t ❡♥✉♠❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❢ ✵, ❢ ✶, ❢ ✷, . . . ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ♠♦♥❛❞✐❝ ♣❛rt✐❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❜❧❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t♦ ❛ ✉♥✐✈♦❝❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ D à ❧❛ ▼❛t✐②❛s❡✈✐❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢a✶( a✶ ) = a✷✱ ❛s s❤♦✇♥ ❛❜♦✈❡✳ P✉t✿ H( a , x✵, x✶, . . . , xκ, y, w ) =❉❡❢ ✶ − D✷( a, x✵ , x✶, . . . , xκ , y, w ) .

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✶✶✴✶✷

slide-32
SLIDE 32

❆ Pr♦s♣❡❝t❡❞ D ✭ ❖♠♦❞❡♦✕❈❛♥t♦♥❡✱ ✷✵✶✼ ✮

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ② ii∈N = ✵, ✶, ✹, ✶✺, ✺✻ . . . ♦❢ ❛❧❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✸ y✷ + ✶ = . P✉t✿ D(p, q) ⇐ ⇒❉❡❢ ∃ ℓ ∃ x

  • q = ② ✷✷ ℓ+✶

✫ q = (✷ x + ✶) p

  • .

❚❤❡♥ ✐t t✉r♥s ♦✉t t❤❛t s❛t✐s✜❡s t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡✲st❛t❡❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❏✉❧✐❛ ❘♦❜✐♥s♦♥✬s ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧✲❣r♦✇t❤ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ✐♠♣❧✐❡s ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ✵ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❛♥❞ s✳t✳

✫

❆❧s♦✱ ❛❞♠✐ts ❛ ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡♣r✳ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✸

✷

✸

✷ ✷ ✷

✸

✷ ✷

✷ ❛❞♠✐ts ❛t ♠♦st ✜♥✐t❡❧② ♠❛♥② s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ✳

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✶✷✴✶✷

slide-33
SLIDE 33

❆ Pr♦s♣❡❝t❡❞ D ✭ ❖♠♦❞❡♦✕❈❛♥t♦♥❡✱ ✷✵✶✼ ✮

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ② ii∈N = ✵, ✶, ✹, ✶✺, ✺✻ . . . ♦❢ ❛❧❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✸ y✷ + ✶ = . P✉t✿ D(p, q) ⇐ ⇒❉❡❢ ∃ ℓ ∃ x

  • q = ② ✷✷ ℓ+✶

✫ q = (✷ x + ✶) p

  • .

❚❤❡♥ ✐t t✉r♥s ♦✉t t❤❛t D s❛t✐s✜❡s t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡✲st❛t❡❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❏✉❧✐❛ ❘♦❜✐♥s♦♥✬s ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧✲❣r♦✇t❤ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s D(p, q) ✐♠♣❧✐❡s q < pp , ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ k ✵ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ p ❛♥❞ q s✳t✳ D(p, q) ✫ pk < q . ❆❧s♦✱ ❛❞♠✐ts ❛ ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡♣r✳ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✸

✷

✸

✷ ✷ ✷

✸

✷ ✷

✷ ❛❞♠✐ts ❛t ♠♦st ✜♥✐t❡❧② ♠❛♥② s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ✳

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✶✷✴✶✷

slide-34
SLIDE 34

❆ Pr♦s♣❡❝t❡❞ D ✭ ❖♠♦❞❡♦✕❈❛♥t♦♥❡✱ ✷✵✶✼ ✮

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ② ii∈N = ✵, ✶, ✹, ✶✺, ✺✻ . . . ♦❢ ❛❧❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✸ y✷ + ✶ = . P✉t✿ D(p, q) ⇐ ⇒❉❡❢ ∃ ℓ ∃ x

  • q = ② ✷✷ ℓ+✶

✫ q = (✷ x + ✶) p

  • .

❚❤❡♥ ✐t t✉r♥s ♦✉t t❤❛t D s❛t✐s✜❡s t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡✲st❛t❡❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❏✉❧✐❛ ❘♦❜✐♥s♦♥✬s ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧✲❣r♦✇t❤ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s D(p, q) ✐♠♣❧✐❡s q < pp , ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ k ✵ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ p ❛♥❞ q s✳t✳ D(p, q) ✫ pk < q . ❆❧s♦✱ D ❛❞♠✐ts ❛ ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡♣r✳ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✸ ·

  • r✷ + ✸ s✷✷ −
  • u✷ + ✸ v✷✷

= ✷ ❛❞♠✐ts ❛t ♠♦st ✜♥✐t❡❧② ♠❛♥② s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ N✳

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✶✷✴✶✷

slide-35
SLIDE 35

❆ Pr♦s♣❡❝t❡❞ D ✭ ❖♠♦❞❡♦✕❈❛♥t♦♥❡✱ ✷✵✶✼ ✮

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ② ii∈N = ✵, ✶, ✹, ✶✺, ✺✻ . . . ♦❢ ❛❧❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✸ y✷ + ✶ = . P✉t✿ D(p, q) ⇐ ⇒❉❡❢ ∃ ℓ ∃ x

  • q = ② ✷✷ ℓ+✶

✫ q = (✷ x + ✶) p

  • .

❚❤❡♥ ✐t t✉r♥s ♦✉t t❤❛t D s❛t✐s✜❡s t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡✲st❛t❡❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❏✉❧✐❛ ❘♦❜✐♥s♦♥✬s ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧✲❣r♦✇t❤ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s D(p, q) ✐♠♣❧✐❡s q < pp , ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ k ✵ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ p ❛♥❞ q s✳t✳ D(p, q) ✫ pk < q . ❆❧s♦✱ D ❛❞♠✐ts ❛ ✜♥✐t❡✲❢♦❧❞ ❉✐♦♣❤❛♥t✐♥❡ r❡♣r✳ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✸ ·

  • r✷ + ✸ s✷✷ −
  • u✷ + ✸ v✷✷

= ✷ ❛❞♠✐ts ❛t ♠♦st ✜♥✐t❡❧② ♠❛♥② s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ N✳

❆✳ ❈❛s❛❣r❛♥❞❡ ❉♦❡s ❡✈❡r② r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ s❡t ❛❞♠✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ❄ ✶✷✴✶✷