Ryerson University 2014-09-23 1 Residential sector, 3 rd largest - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Peta-Gaye Ebanks M.A.Sc. Candidate Supervisor: Dr. Russell Richman Ryerson University

2014-09-23 1

 Residential sector, 3rd largest consumer of energy

in Canada, consuming 17% of the total energy used and producing 15% of total GHGs (NRC, 2009)

 In a typical home, 30-50% of the energy used is

transmitted through the windows (Gustavsen, Grynninga, Arasteh, Petter

Jelle, & Goudey, 2011)

 Window frames account for 20 to 30% of the whole

window area yet can be responsible for more than 30% of the rate of heat transfer (Gustavsen, Arasteh, Petter Jelle, & Curcija,

2008)

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3

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 Long disagreement between both methods;

+/- 10% difference (Blanusa, 2001 and Weitzmann et al., 2000)

• Calculation methods
• Interior and exterior temperatures
• Surface film coefficients
• Wind velocities
• Edge effects

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(NFRC, 2010)

2014-09-23 9 (RDH Building Engineering Ltd., 2014)

• NFRC center-of-glass U-values: up to 23% higher than CEN

values

• NFRC frame U-values: 5% lower to 24% higher than CEN

values

• NFRC whole window U-values: 14% lower to 18% higher

than CEN values

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• 1. What are the differences between the NFRC

and CEN calculation methods for determining the U-value for window products?

• 2. What parameters can be harmonized

between the two U-value calculation methods?

• 3. How are these parameters affected by the

different boundary conditions in North America’s eight climate zones?

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2014-09-23 12

Exteri erior Temp. mp. Fra rame e Materi erial Glazing Comb mbination

• n

Space cer Materi erial Therm ermal Conduct ctivity Fra rame e Cavity y Meth ethod Wind Speed ed Surf rface e Film m Coeffici cien ents s SHGC Meth ethods NA 8 clima mate e zones es Insulated fiberglass Double IGU; high and low SHGC A NFRC 101 NFRC Inland NFRC NFRC Solid wood Triple IGU; high and low SHGC B CEN (ISO 10077-2) CEN Coastal CEN CEN TBSW Quad IGU; high SHGC C U-PVC

North h America ca (NFRC) RC) Europe e (CEN) EN) ISO Standa andard d Used ed ISO 15099 ISO 10077 Inter erior Temper mperatu ature 21°C 20°C Exteri erior Temper mperatu ature

• 18°C

0°C Exteri erior Wind nd Veloci city 5.5 m/s 4 m/s Exteri erior Radi diant ant Mean n Temper mperatu ature e

Tr,m = Texterior Tr,m = Texterior

Inter erior Radi diant ant Mean n Temper perat atur ure

Tr,m = Tinterior Tr,m = Tinterior

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NFRC CEN N Standard NFRC 200-2010 ISO 15099 Inter erior temper mperatu ature 24°C 25°C Exteri erior temper mperatu ature 32°C 30°C Inter erior convec ective e surfa face ce heat transf nsfer er coeff effici cien ent, , hcv,i ,int 7.7 W/(m2K)

(NFRC 102 hc int and ASTM E1423)

2.5 W/(m2K) Exteri erior convect nvective e surfa face ce heat transf nsfer er coeff effici cien ent, , hcv, , ext 15 W/(m2K) 8 W/(m2K) Radi diant ant Mean n Temper mperatu ature, e, Tr,m ,m Tex Tex Solar ar irrad adian ance ce, , Is 783 W/m2 500 W/m2 Wind nd Veloci city 2.75 m/s 4 m/s

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(Chen and Wittkopf, 2011)

Climate ate Zone nes s (inl nland) and) Wint nter er Desi Design n Temp.

• mp. (°C)

C) Summ mmer er Desi sign n Temp. p. (°C) C) Annual al Low w Average age Temp. mp. (°C) C) Annual al Average age Temp mp (°C) C) Annual al High h Average age Temp mp. (°C) C) Wind nd Veloci city (m/s) /s) 1 ** 2 Austin, n, TX

• 1

37 14.4 20.3 26.2 7.6 3 Atlant anta, a, GA

• 4

33 11.8 17.0 22.2 7.7 4 Albuq buque uerque, e, NM

• 6

34 7.5 14.0 20.4 9.3 5 Indi ndian anap apolis, s, IN

• 14

32 6.6 11.8 16.9 8.4 6 Toront nto, , ON

• 16

29 5.6 9.2 12.7 9.1 7 Winni nnipeg peg, , MB

• 30

29

• 3.1

2.6 8.3 9.8 8 Yellowk wkni nife, e, NT

• 40

24

• 9
• 4.6
• 0.2

7.7 Climate ate Zone nes s (coas astal al) Wint nter er Desi sign n Temp.

• mp. (°C)

C) Summ mmer er Desi Design n Temp.

• mp. (°C)

C) Annual al Low w Average age Temp. mp. (°C) C) Annual al Average age Temp. mp. (°C) C) Annual al High h Average age Temp mp. (°C) C) Wind nd Veloci city y (m/s) /s) 1 Miam ami, FL 11 33 21.2 25.1 29.1 7.7 2 Jack ckso sonvi nville, e, FL 34 14.3 20.3 26.3 7.3 3 San n Franci ncisco sco, , CA 5 26 10.6 14.1 17.6 10.6 4 New w York k City, y, NY (JFK K airport)

• 8

30 8.3 12.3 16.2 9.6 5 Vanco couver uver, , BC

• 4

24 6.5 10.1 13.7 7.6 6 St. John’s, NFLD

• 14

23 0.6 4.7 8.7 12.3 7 Whit hiteho horse, YT

• 35

23

• 5.9
• 0.7

4.5 8.4 8 Iqa qalui uit, , NU

• 38

14

• 13.6
• 9.8
• 6.0

11.1

 The NFRC SHGC values were 24- 46% lower

than CEN values (standard methods)

 NFRC SHGC values were 2-5% higher than

CEN values for the triple and quad IGUs (IGU

• nly)

(1%) (-1%) (-4%) (27%) (2%) (0%) (-2%) (24%) (0%) (0%) (-4%) (-3%) (17%)

0.5 1 1.5 2

• 40
• 30
• 18
• 10
• 5

5 10 20 30 40 Ucog g (W/m²K ²K) Temperatu ature re (°C) C) NFRC High SHGC CEN High SHGC NFRC Low SHGC CEN Low SHGC NFRC Quad High SHGC CEN Quad High SHGC

Triple and Quad IGUs Double IGUs

(5%) (-2%) (7%) (4%) (-3%)

0.5 1 1.5 2

• 40
• 30
• 18
• 10
• 5

5 10 20 30 40 Ucog g (W/m²K) K) Temperatu ature re (°C) C) NFRC High SHGC CEN High SHGC NFRC Low SHGC CEN Low SHGC

(67%) (47%)

2% 2% 3% 3% 4%

0.5 1 1.5 2 Dbl High SHGC Dbl Low SHGC Tpl High SHGC Tpl Low SHGC Quad High SHGC Uwindo dow w (W/m²K) K) NFRC TC CEN TC

(-1%) (-1%) (-1%) (-1%)

0.5 1 1.5 2 Dbl High SHGC Dbl Low SHGC Tpl High SHGC Tpl Low SHGC U-win indow

• w (W/m²K)

K) NFRC Frame Cavity Method CEN Frame Cavity Method

 Radiation coefficient: cannot be interchanged due

to temperature dependent variable

 Convective coefficient: no significant difference

 Higher surface film coefficients contribute to

higher Uwindowvalues

 Inland and coastal locations: no significant

difference

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(2%) (4%) (-3%)

0.5 1 1.5 2 CEN FCM NFRC FCM CEN FCM NFRC FCM CEN FCM NFRC FCM CEN FCM NFRC FCM Fiberglass Solid wood TB Wood U-PVC Ufram ame (W/m²K) K) jamb sill head

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16

• 40
• 30
• 18
• 10
• 5

5 10 15 30 40 Psi-Valu alue (W/mK) Temperatu ature re (°C) C) Spacer A Head Spacer A Sill Spacer A Jamb Spacer C Head Spacer C Sill Spacer C Jamb 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16

• 40
• 30
• 18
• 10
• 5

5 10 15 30 40 Psi-Valu alue (W/mK) Temperatu ature re °C Spacer A Head Spacer A Sill Spacer A Jamb Spacer B Head Spacer B Sill Spacer B Jamb Spacer C Head Spacer C Sill

(4%) (8%) (3%) (4%) (-1%)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 Dbl High SHGC Dbl Low SHGC Tpl High SHGC Tpl Low SHGC Quad High SHGC TB Wood Uwindo dow w (W/m²K ) NFRC CEN

TBSW Frame

(-5%) (-7%) (-4%) (-5%) (-7%) (-4%) 0.5 1 1.5 2

• 40
• 35
• 30
• 25
• 20
• 15
• 10
• 5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Uwindo dow w (W/m²K) K) Temperatu ature re (°C) C) NFRC High SHGC CEN High SHGC NFRC Low SHGC CEN Low SHGC

Climate Zones 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8

Solid Wood, Triple IGU

 Exterior temperature symmetry  Frame cavity method  Material thermal conductivity  Uframe method

 SHGC (with and without the frame)  Ucog method  Climate specific U-values  Single International Calculation Method

(UW-ITN’L)

(Miller, 2010)