Risk assessment of anthropogenic substances in water in the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Risk assessment of anthropogenic substances in water in the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

May 08, 2023 155 likes •271 views

1 Risk assessment of anthropogenic substances in water in the Netherlands Drs. Nicole Nijhuis European Registered Toxicologist KWR Watercycle Research Institute Milieu en Gezondheid BE febr 2019 2 Sources Dutch drinking water Global

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Risk assessment of anthropogenic substances in water in the Netherlands

  • Drs. Nicole Nijhuis

European Registered Toxicologist KWR Watercycle Research Institute

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Sources Dutch drinking water

2 Milieu en Gezondheid BE febr 2019

Global increase chemical production increase chemicals found in water Netherlands sources for water production

  • 1. Groundwater (60%)
  • 2. Surface Water (40%)
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Types chemical substances

  • Pharmaceuticals (emission: 140 ton p/y to surface water*)

 Antibiotics

  • Pesticides (17 ton p/y to water*)
  • Industrial chemicals (1600 ton p/y to water*)
  • Other: microplastics (in Netherlands not measured in drinking water, but

in surface water) *Data 2018

3 Milieu en Gezondheid BE febr 2019

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4 antibioticaresistentie

Anthropogenic substances in water

Increasing relevance due to reuse of treated wastewater

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Antibiotics (A), Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (ARB), Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARG)

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Surface water Crops Drinking water Wastewater TP Chemical factory Animal husbandry & fish farming

ARG measured

Disinfection might promote ARG levels

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6 Bridging science to practice

Monitoring Antibiotic Resistance Genes in water

Drinking water production Surface water Drinking water production Ground water River Lek before and after ww treatment plant Isolate DNA & detect the genes using Q-PCR 5 sets of ARG (15 genes total)

  • ESBL

Extended Spectrum B lactamase prod. bacteria

  • MRSA Methicilline Resistant Staphylococcus

Aureus

  • VRE

Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus

  • Sulfonamide resistance genes
  • Tetracycline resistance genes
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SLIDE 7
  • 1. Large routine monitoring programs

Who:

  • A. Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management
  • B. 10 drinking water companies (REWAB database)

Where:

  • A. Where large rivers enter The Netherlands
  • B. Intakepoints for drinking water (≤800 chemicals)

7 Milieu en Gezondheid BE febr 2019

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  • 2. Risk based monitoring
  • Screening and prioritizing CEC’s (contaminants of emerging concern )
  • Non routine measurements (KWR Watercycle Research)

Three types monitoring:

  • measuring known substances (target screening)
  • measuring unknown substances (non-target screening)
  • Effect based monitoring

KWR can measure in water: > 60 pharmaceuticals (metabolites) > 15 antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) (Q-PCR=advanced & efficient)

8 Milieu en Gezondheid BE febr 2019

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Risk Assessment chemicals in water

Workflow 1. Apply (legal) guideline 2. Use measured data to calculate provisional guideline value (e.g. ADI / TDI / NOAEL) 3. Predict toxicity 4. Toxicological Threshold of Concern (TTC) (exposure level with negligible health risk, conservatieve generic threshold value used for substances which have no toxicity data.

9 Milieu en Gezondheid BE febr 2019

INFORMATION EVALUATION SOURCES AND TOOLS DRINKING WATER GUIDELINE Legal standard Guideline value (§2.1) Adopt or recalculate Legislation (Table 2-1) Institutes (Table 2-1)

MEASURED DATA Established TDI, ADI, RfD, DNEL , VSD (§2.2.1) Calculate provisional drinking water guideline value Meta-databases (Table 2-2) Institutes (Table 2-2)

Established LO/NO(A)EL (§2.2.1) Calculate acceptable daily intake and provisional drinking water guideline value Meta-databases (Table 2-2) Institutes (Table 2-2) OECD QSAR Toolbox (§3.1) AMBIT (§3.2)

Other types of information (§2.2.3) Calculate NOAEL, acceptable daily intake and provisional drinking water guideline value Meta-databases (Table 2-3) Institutes (Table 2-3)

PREDICTED TOXICITY Structural alerts (§2.3.1) Chemical profiling OECD QSAR Toolbox (§3.1) AMBIT (§3.2) ToxRead (§3.3) Toxtree (§3.6) Chemotyper (§3.7) VEGA

Read across (§2.3.2) Identify suitable analogues Collect toxicity data Predict endpoint of interest OECD QSAR Toolbox (§3.1) AMBIT (§3.2) ToxRead (§3.3) AIM (§3.5) ChemMine (§3.8) Toxmatch (§3.9) VEGA (§3.13) and metabolism and physic- chemical properties

QSAR (§2.3.3) Check applicability domain Predict endpoint of interest OECD QSAR Toolbox (§3.1) AMBIT (§3.2) ToxRead (§3.3) T.E.S.T. (§3.4) VEGA (§3.13)

TTC APPROACH TTC-based drinking water guideline level (§2.4) Check exclusion categories Indications for genotoxicity? Carbamate or organophosphate? Cramer classification See ‘Structural alerts’ T.E.S.T. (§3.4) In vitro bioassays

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Prediction toxicity in silico tools

  • OECD QSAR toolbox (v 4.2)
  • AMBIT
  • ToxRead
  • ToxTree
  • Chemotyper
  • VEGA

Prediction hazard (several endpoints)

  • Human health effects
  • Chronic toxicity
  • Ecotoxicity

10 Milieu en Gezondheid BE febr 2019

PREDICTED TOXICITY Structural alerts (§2.3.1) Chemical profiling OECD QSAR Toolbox (§3.1) AMBIT (§3.2) ToxRead (§3.3) Toxtree (§3.6) Chemotyper (§3.7) VEGA

Read across (§2.3.2) Identify suitable analogues Collect toxicity data Predict endpoint of interest OECD QSAR Toolbox (§3.1) AMBIT (§3.2) ToxRead (§3.3) AIM (§3.5) ChemMine (§3.8) Toxmatch (§3.9) VEGA (§3.13) and metabolism and physic- chemical properties

QSAR (§2.3.3) Check applicability domain Predict endpoint of interest OECD QSAR Toolbox (§3.1) AMBIT (§3.2) ToxRead (§3.3) T.E.S.T. (§3.4) VEGA (§3.13)