[PPT] - RIC-Tsukuba (Japan) Intercomparison of Thermometer Screens/Shields PowerPoint Presentation

SLIDE 1

RIC-Tsukuba (Japan) Intercomparison of Thermometer Screens/Shields in 2009 – 2010

AOSHIMA Tadayoshi NAKASHIMA Kouichi KAWAMURA Hiroshi AOSHIMA Tadayoshi, NAKASHIMA Kouichi, KAWAMURA Hiroshi, KUMAMOTO Mariko, SAKAI Takeshi, KAWANO Saeko and JOKO Minoru RIC-Tsukuba, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

2 9 J u l y 2 1 2 9 J u l y , 2 1

SLIDE 2

1 .I n t r

d

u c t i

n

w i n d w i n d

sunshine rain

[℃] Temperature Climatological Normals （

1971–2000）

Fig. 2 Climatological normals for Tsukuba

(upper: monthly temperature; lower: precipitation)

a c c u r a t e v a r i

u

s s c r e e n / s h e l t e r

10 15 20 25 30 35

Temperature Climatological Normals （ 1971 2000）

Max Mean Min

m e a s u r e m e n t

f

a i r t e m p e r a t u r e Radiation

‐10 ‐5 5 Jan.

Feb. Mar. Apr. May

Jun. Jul.

Aug. Sep. Dec. Nov. Dec.

[mm] 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 [mm]

Precipitation Climatological Normals（ 1971–2000）

Precipitation

Japan Tsukuba

To aid accurate measurement of

air temperature, various screens/ shields have been designed and

20 40 60 Jan.

Feb. Mar. Apr. May

Jun. Jul.

Aug. Sep. Dec. Nov. Dec.

Tokyo

36°3.4’N 140°7.5’E

shields have been designed and used to protect thermometers from sunshine, radiation, rain and wind and so on.

・Tsukuba has a temperate rainy

Fig. 1 Location of Tsukuba

climate and high temperatures in summer (Cfa) according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification.

2

SLIDE 3

2 .I n t e r c

m

p a r i s

n

O v e r v i e w 2 . 1 T y p e

f

s c r e e n s / s h i e l d s t e s t e d a n d s e n s

r

s

・Reference is JMA-95(A), the screen/shield is used on operational

Photo. 1 Location of screens/shields in the intercomparison field

(north – south side view)

E 834 Z1(A) PFT 02(A) PVC 02(A)

screen/shield is used on operational surface observation. ・This experiment was carried out in summer season, and in winter and

DTR503A(N) JS-256(A) E-834-Z1(A) TV-150(A) PFT-02(A) PVC-03(A) PVC-02(A)

spring season. ・unified platinum resistence thermometer Pt 100Ω（the size is 3mm in diameter）because we wanted to

AV-040(N) YG-41003L(N)

） evaluate only screens effect.

Intercomparison field ( west – east side view)

JMA-W1(N)

( )

3

SLIDE 4

2 . 1 T y p e

f

s c r e e n s / s h i e l d s t e s t e d a n d s e n s

r

s

Artificially ventilated screens/shields

Photo. 2 Pictures of screens/shields (upper: side view; lower: view from underneath)

JMA-95(A) JS-256(A) E-834-Z1(A) TV-150(A) PVC-03(A) PVC-02(A) PFT-02(A)

Naturally ventilated screens/shields

AV-040(N) YG-41003L(N) DTR503A(N) JMA-W1(N)

upper: side view lower: view from underneath

4

SLIDE 5

3. Results

3.1 Statistical values

9 5 ％ 7 5 ％ M a x i m u m

Fig. 3 Tdev (temperature deviation) of daily temperature (reference: JMA-95(A))

Capitalize first letter of “Maximum/Average/Minimum” (same rule below for all graph legends).

(a) maximum temperature (b) minimum temperature (c) average temperature 6months

2 5 ％ 7 5 ％ 5 ％ A v e r a g e M i n i m u m

1 . 2 1 . 6 2 .

Tdev of daily Tmax Aug. (Summer)

1 . 2 1 . 6 2 .

Tdev of daily Tmin Jan. (Winter)

1 . 2 1 . 6 2 .

Tdev of daily Tmean for 6 months

( ) p

Aug. 2009 (summer)

( ) p

Jan. 2010 (winter)

(Aug., Dec., Jan., Feb., Mar. and Apr.)

.

4 . . 4 . 8

T d e v [ ℃]

.

4 . . 4 . 8

T d e v [ ℃]

.

4 . . 4 . 8

T d e v [ ℃]

2

.

1

. 6

1

. 2

.

8

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

2

.

1

. 6

1

. 2

.

8

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

2

.

1

. 6

1

. 2

.

8

A ) A ) A ) A ) A ) A ) N ) N ) N ) N ) J S

2

5 6 ( A ) E

8

3 4

Z

1 ( A ) T V

1

5 ( A ) P V C

3

( A ) P V C

2

( A ) P F T

2

( A ) A V

4

( N ) Y G

4

1 3 L ( N ) D T R 5 3 A ( N ) J M A

W

1 ( N ) J S

2

5 6 ( A ) E

8

3 4

Z

1 ( A ) T V

1

5 ( A ) P V C

3

( A ) P V C

2

( A ) P F T

2

( A ) A V

4

( N ) Y G

4

1 3 L ( N ) D T R 5 3 A ( N ) J M A

W

1 ( N ) J S

2

5 6 ( A E

8

3 4

Z

1 ( A T V

1

5 ( A P V C

3

( A P V C

2

( A P F T

2

( A A V

4

( N Y G

4

1 3 L ( N D T R 5 3 A ( N J M A

W

1 ( N Y Y

Artificially ventilated screen/shield Naturally ventilated screen/shield Artificially ventilated screen/shield Naturally ventilated screen/shield Artificially ventilated screen/shield Naturally ventilated screen/shield

5

SLIDE 6

3 . 2 I n f l u e n c e s

f

g l

b

a l s

l

a r r a d i a t i

n

At i f i i l l t i l td /h i l d

9 5 ％ 2 5 ％ 7 5 ％ 5 ％ M a x i m u m A v e r a g e M i n i m u m 2 . 5 3 . 3 . 5

J S

2

5 6 ( A )

2 5 3 . 3 . 5

P V C

2

( A )

2 5 3 . 3 . 5

P F T

2

( A )

2 . 5 3 . 3 . 5

P V C

3

( A )

Fig. 4 Tdev differences related to global solar radiation depending on each screen/shield, Aug. 2009

A r t i f i c i a l l y v e n t i l a t e d s c r e e n s / s h i e l d b u t n

i

n s u l a t

r

→ p

s

i t i v e i n f l u e n c e s

1

5

1

.

.

5 . . 5 1 . 1 . 5 2 . T d e v [ ℃]

1

.

.

5 . . 5 1 . 1 . 5 2 . 2 . 5 T d e v [ ℃] 1 5

1

.

.

5 . . 5 1 . 1 . 5 2 . 2 . 5 T d e v [ ℃]

1

5

1

.

.

5 . . 5 1 . 1 . 5 2 . T d e v [ ℃]

3

. 5

3

.

2

. 5

2

. 1 . 5 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1

1

1

2

1

3

3

. 5

3

.

2

. 5

2

.

1

. 5 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1

1

1

2

1

3

3

. 5

3

.

2

. 5

2

.

1

. 5 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1

1

1

2

1

3

3

. 5

3

.

2

. 5

2

. 1 . 5 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1

1

1

2

1

3

N

a t u r a l l y v e n t i l a t e d s c r e e n s / s h i e l d M t t d i t i + 3 4 ℃

g l

b

a l s

l

a r r a d i a t i

n

［ W / ㎡］ g l

b

a l s

l

a r r a d i a t i

n

［ W / ㎡］ 2 . 2 . 5 3 . 3 . 5 2 . 2 . 5 3 . 3 . 5 2 . 2 . 5 3 . 3 . 5 2 . 2 . 5 3 . 3 . 5 g l

b

a l s

l

a r r a d i a t i

n

［ W / ㎡］ g l

b

a l s

l

a r r a d i a t i

n

［ W / ㎡］

M a x t e m p e r a t u r e d e v i a t i

n

+ 3 . 4 ℃

2

1

. 5

1

.

.

5 . . 5 1 . 1 . 5 T d e v [ ℃] 2

1

. 5

1

.

.

5 . . 5 1 . 1 . 5 T d e v [ ℃] 2

1

. 5

1

.

.

5 . . 5 1 . 1 . 5 T d e v [ ℃] 2

1

. 5

1

.

.

5 . . 5 1 . 1 . 5 T d e v [ ℃]

3

. 5

3

.

2

. 5

2

. 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1

1

1

2

1

3

l

bl l d i t i ［ W / ㎡］

A V

4

( N )

3

. 5

3

.

2

. 5

2

. 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1

1

1

2

1

3

l

bl l d i t i ［ W / ㎡］

Y G

4

1 3 L ( N )

3

. 5

3

.

2

. 5

2

. 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1

1

1

2

1

3

g

l

b

a l s

l

a r r a d i a t i

n

［ W / ㎡］

D T R 5 3 A ( N )

3

. 5

3

.

2

. 5

2

. 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1

1

1

2

1

3

J

M A

W

1 ( N )

g l

b

a l s

l

a r r a d i a t i

n

［ W / ㎡］ g l

b

a l s

l

a r r a d i a t i

n

［ W / ㎡］ g l

b

a l s

l

a r r a d i a t i

n

［ W / ㎡］ g l

b

a l s

l

a r r a d i a t i

n

［ W / ㎡］

6

SLIDE 7

3 . 3 I n f l u e n c e s

f

r a d i a t i

n

b u d g e t

Fig. 6 Time series representations of monthly mean Tdev and radiation budget

4 5 6 7 [ W / m 2 ] 4 5 6 7 [ W / m 2 ]

Aug. 2009 (summer)
Jan. 2010 (winter)

I (a) Radiation budget II (a) Radiation budget

1

1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 01 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 92 02 12 22 3 R a d i a t i

n

[ h ] U p w a r d s h

r

t w a v e r a d i a t i

n

D

w

n w a r d s h

r

t w a v e r a d i a t i

n
1

1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 01 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 92 02 12 22 3 R a d i a t i

n

[ h ] U p w a r d s h

r

t w a v e r a d i a t i

n

D

w

n w a r d s h

r

t w a v e r a d i a t i

n

・ Largest negative Tdev → AV-040(N)

U p w a r d s h

r

t w a v e r a d i a t i

n

D

w

n w a r d s h

r

t w a v e r a d i a t i

n

U p w a r d l

n

g w a v e r a d i a t i

n

D

w

n w a r d l

n

g w a v e r a d i a t i

n

R a d i a t i

n

b u d g e t 0 6 0.8 1 1.2 0 6 0.8 1 1.2 U p w a r d s h

r

t w a v e r a d i a t i

n

D

w

n w a r d s h

r

t w a v e r a d i a t i

n

U p w a r d l

n

g w a v e r a d i a t i

n

D

w

n w a r d l

n

g w a v e r a d i a t i

n

R a d i a t i

n

b u d g e t

(b) Tdev of naturally ventilated screens/shields (b) Tdev of naturally ventilated screens/shields g g ( ) ・ around sunrise and sunset Tdev changes remarkably

‐0.8 ‐0.6 ‐0.4 ‐0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 T d e v [ ℃] ‐0.8 ‐0.6 ‐0.4 ‐0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 T d e v [ ℃] [ h ] 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 ℃] 0 6 0.8 1 1.2 ℃] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 [ h ] D T R 5 3 A ( N ) A V

4

( N ) Y G

4

1 3 L ( N ) J M A

W

1 ( N ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 [ h ] D T R 5 3 A ( N ) A V

4

( N ) Y G

4

1 3 L ( N ) J M A

W

1 ( N )

(c) Tdev of artificially ventilated screens/shields (c) Tdev of artificially ventilated screens/shields

‐0.8 ‐0.6 ‐0.4 ‐0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 T d e v [ ℃ [ h ] ‐0.8 ‐0.6 ‐0.4 ‐0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Tdev [℃ [h] J S

2

5 6 ( A ) T V

1

5 ( A ) E

8

3 4

Z

1 ( A ) P F T

2

( A ) P V C

3

( A ) P V C

2

( A ) JS‐256(A) TV‐150(A) E‐834‐Z1(A) PFT‐02(A) PVC‐03(A) PVC‐02(A)

7

Reference: JMA-95(A). The dotted line in (c) includes missing data over periods of two days or more.

SLIDE 8

3 . 4 I n f l u e n c e s

f

r a i n f a l l

9 5 ％ 2 5 ％ 7 5 ％ 5 ％ M a x i m u m A v e r a g e M i n i m u m 1 5 8 7 6 4 1 9 45 3 9 7 4 . 5 . 6 c

u

n t

1 5 8 07 6 4 1 9 4 5 3 9 7 4

. 5 . 6 c

u

n t

1 5 8 07 6 4 1 9 4 5 3 9 7 4

. 5 . 6 c

u

n t

1 5 5 87 1 5 1 7 55 2 9 7 4

. 5 . 6 c

u

n t

I n d e x

f

R a i n f a l l p e r

Fig. 7 Tdev differences related to rainfall intensity depending on each screen/shield

for 31 days when the total rainfall was 10 mm per day or more

5 ％ M i n i m u m

1

. . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 d e v[ ℃] c

u

n t 1 . . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 v[ ℃] c

u

n t . . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 e v[ ℃] c

u

n t 1 . . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 e v[ ℃] c

u

n t > . 5 1 . 5 2 1 ～1 . 5

I n d e x

f

r a i n f a l l c l a s s R a i n f a l l p e r 1 m i n . [ m m / 1 m i n . ］

.

6

.

5

.

4

.

3

.

2 . 1 T

J S

2

5 6 ( A )

6
.

5

.

4

.

3

.

2

.

1 T d e v

P V C

2

( A )

6
.

5

.

4

.

3

.

2

.

1 T d

P F T

2

( A )

.

6

.

5

.

4

.

3

.

2

.

1 T d e

P V C

3

( A )

3 2 ～3 4 3 . 5 ～4 . 5 5 5 ～6 . 5 6 7 ≦ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 I n d e x

f

r a i n f a l l c l a s s . 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 I n d e x

f

r a i n f a l l c l a s s . 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 I n d e x

f

r a i n f a l l c l a s s . 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 I n d e x

f

r a i n f a l l c l a s s

1 1 1 5 5 9 1 3 52 8 4 3 1

5 . 6

1 2 2 8 6 3 1 5 73 7 5 4 1

5 . 6

1 2 2 86 3 1 5 7 3 7 5 4 1

5 . 6

1 5 8 07 6 4 1 9 4 5 3 9 7 4

5 . 6

l a r g e s t n e g a t i v e T d e v → D T R 5 3 A

. . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 e v [ ℃] c

u

n t . . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 e v [ ℃] c

u

n t . . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 e v [ ℃]

D T R 5 3 A ( N )

c

u

n t . . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 e v [ ℃]

J M A

W

1 ( N )

c

u

n t M A X . 7

.

6

.

5

.

4

.

3

.

2

.

1 T d

A V

4

( N )

6
.

5

.

4

.

3

.

2

.

1 T d

Y G

4

1 3 L ( N )

.

6

.

5

.

4

.

3

.

2

.

1 T d

6
.

5

.

4

.

3

.

2

.

1 T d . 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 I n d e x

f

r a i n f a l l c l a s s . 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 I n d e x

f

r a i n f a l l c l a s s . 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 I n d e x

f

r a i n f a l l c l a s s . 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 I n d e x

f

r a i n f a l l c l a s s

8

SLIDE 9

9 5 ％ 2 5 ％ 7 5 ％ M a x i m u m A v e r a g e

3 . 5 C

m

p r e h e n s i v e e v a l u a t i

n

1 / 3

Table 1 Characteristics and variation of Tdev related to various meteorological factors for each screen/shield

5 ％ M i n i m u m

J M A

9

5 ( A ) ( J S

2

5 8 ) J S

2

5 6 ( A ) E

8

3 4

Z

( A ) T V

1

5 ( A ) P V C

3

( A ) P V C

2

( A ) P F T

2

( A ) A V

4

( N ) Y G

4

1 3 L ( N ) D T R 5 3 A ( N ) J M A

W

1 ( N ) O g a s a w a r a O g a s a w a r a Y

k
g

a w a O g a s a w a r a P r e d e P r e d e P r e d e O g a s a w a r a R . M . Y

u

n g V a i s a l a H i d a k

s

y a H

r

i z

n

t a l t y p e H

r

i z

n

t a l t y p e 1 p l a t e s ( f l a t ） 1 4 p l a t e s ( d i s h u p s i d e d

w

n ） 1 2 p l a t e s ( d i s h ） R

f

b l i n d sb a s e : V e n t i l a t i

n

A r t i f i c i a l l y N a t u r a l T y p e M a n u f a c t u r e r F

r

m H

r

i z

n

t a l t y p e ( p

l

e ） H

r

i z

n

t a l t y p e ( r

f

） 1 p l a t e s ( f l a t ）＋s n

w

u m b r e l l a u p s i d e d

w

n ） i n n e r : c u r v e d d

w

n w a r d 1 2 p l a t e s ( d i s h ） r i m : f l a t R

f

, b l i n d s , b a s e : d u p l i c a t i

n

I n s i d e s t r u c t u r e I n s u l a t

r

/ u n d e r n e a t h s h i e l d p l a t e M a t e r i a l S t a i n l e s s s t e e l S t a i n l e s s s t e e l ( S U S 3 4 ） S t a i n l e s s s t e e l S t a i n l e s s s t e e l S t a i n l e s s s t e e l ( S U S 3 4 ） S t a i n l e s s s t e e l S t a i n l e s s s t e e l ( P

r

t i

n

: S h a d e : a l u m i n i u m A r m : s t e e l p l a t e

U V s t a b i l i z e d w h i t e t h e r m

p

l a s t i cp l a t e s

P

l

y c a r b

n

a t e ( 2 % g l a s s f i b e r ） W

d

V e r t i c a l t y p e D u p l i c a t i

n

t u b e ○ －－ r u c t u r e

f

s c r e e n － M a t e r i a l ( S U S 3 4 ） ( S U S 3 4 ） A l u m i n i u m ( S U S 3 1 4 ） ( S U S 3 4 ） P

r

t i

n

: a l u m i n i u m ( S U S 3 4 ） a l u m i n i u m , b a k e l i t e ） A r m : s t e e l p l a t e ［ S t e e l ］

t h e r m

p

l a s t i c p l a t e s A r m : a l u m i n i u m

( 2 % g l a s s f i b e r ） R e v e r s e : b l a c k W

d

D i a m e t e r ［ m m ］ 1 1 7 1 1 7 1 8 9 8 8 8 8 7 6 2 1 3 ～1 2 1 5 L e n g t h ［ m m ］ 4 7 5 4 5 7 3 7 3 5 8 4 2 3 5 8 6 6 3 4 2 2 7 2 3 8 M e a s u r e d 5 . m / s 5 . 9 m / s 4 . 7 m / s * 4 . 3 m / s 2 . m / s 2 . 5 m / s 3 . 6 m / s M a n u f a c t u r e r 4

7

m / s 4

7

m / s 4

8

m / s 4

7

m / s A b

u

t 3 m / s A b

u

t 3

4

m / s A b

u

t 3 m / s

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+

2

1
+

1

2
1
+

1

1 1 2 5 ( W ) 9 3 ( L ) 1 5 1 1 ( H ) －

V e n t i l a t i

n

s p e e d * ) n D a i l y T m e a n S t . 1 . . 1 . . 1 . . 1 . . 1 . . 1 . . 1 + . 2 . 1 + . 1 . 2 . . 1 + . 1 (

.

2

+

. 1 ) (

.

2

+

. 1 ) (

.

2

+

. 1 ) (

.

2

+

. 2 ) (

.

2

+

. 2 ) (

.

3

+

. 3 ) (

.

3

+

. 5 ) (

.

2

+

. 3 ) (

.

4

+

. 2 ) (

.

3

+

. 3 ) D a i l y T m a x A u g . .

+

. 1

.

1

+

. 2

.

2

+

. 1 .

+

. 3 + . 2

+

. 5 + . 4

+

. 6 + 1 . 1

+

1 . 4 + . 4

+

. 6 + . 1

+

. 3 + . 1

+

. 3 D a i l y T m i n J a n .

.

3

.
.

3

.
.

2

.
.

3

.

1

.

3

.

1

.

4

.

2

.

7

.

4

.

3

.

1

.

5

.

3

.

1

+

. 1 E f f e c t

f

g l

b

a l s

l

a r r a d i a t i

n

A u g . * 2 )

.

1

+

. 1

.

1

+

. 1

.

2

.

.

+

. 3 + . 1

+

. 5 + . 2

+

. 6 + . 9

+

1 . 4 + . 3

+

. 7 .

+

. 3 + . 2

+

. 5 E f f e c t

f

r a d i a t i

n

b u d g e tJ a n * 3 )

.

3

.

1

.

3

.

1

.

3

.

1

.

4

.

2

.

4

.

2

.

4

.

2

.

9

.

4

.

6

.

2

.

7

.

4

.

4

.

1 v : T e m p e r a t u r e d e v i a t i

n

［ ℃］ D a i l y T m e a n 6 m

n

t h s * 1 ) S t a n d a r d b u d g e t J a n . * 3 ) E f f e c t

f

r a i n f a l l * 4 )

.

1

.
.

1

.

.

.

2

.

1

.

1

.
.

1

.

1

.
.

3

.

2

.

1

+

. 1 P t 3 m m φ H M P 1 5 5 e t c . P t 3 m m φ P t 3 m m φ H M P 1 5 5 e t c . P t 6 m m φ P t 3 m m φ H M P 1 5 5 e t c . H M P 1 5 5 P t 3 m m φ H M P 1 5 5 J M A

9

5 f

r

s y n

p

t i c s t a t i

n

J M A

8

9 f

r
l

d A W S J M A

4

f

r

A W S H

r

i z

n

t a l t y p e a l i k e P V C

3

J M A

1

l

u

v e r e d s c r e e n P t 3 m m φ P t 6 m m φ N

t

e s T h e r m

m

e t e r r e c

m

m e n d e d T d e v

*1) For the artificially ventilated screens/shields the ventilation speed was measured using a Pitot tube indoors This tube is the same length (100 *1) For the artificially ventilated screens/shields, the ventilation speed was measured using a Pitot tube indoors. This tube is the same length (100 mm) as the thermometer (Pt 100 Ω (3 mm in diameter)). In most cases, a 3.2 mm in diameter type was used. However, in case where this size could not be fixed, a shorter 3.1 mm in diameter tube was used. *2) Tdev is in a range between 25% and 75% assuming that the maximum value is 100% and the minimum is 0% for each meteorological

element. Positive Tdev is shown in pink and negative in light blue in cases where the value is more than ±0.2 °C. *3) Daily average temperature

for 6 months (August, December, January, February, March and April) from the 10-sec. data. The values in ( ) show the minimum and maximum.

9

*4) 1 minute average global solar radiation data when the global solar radiation was 700 W/m2 or more in

Aug. *5) 10-min. mov. ave. data when the radiation budget was −50 W/m2 or less in Jan. *6) 10-min. mov. ave. data when the rainfall intensity

was Class 3 or higher (i.e., 2 mm or more for 10 minutes) for the 31 days when the total rainfall was 10 mm per day or more.

SLIDE 10

3 . 5 C

m

p r e h e n s i v e e v a l u a t i

n

3 / 3

A r t i f i c i a l l y v e n t i l a t e d N a t u r a l l y v e n t i l a t e d V e n t i l a t i

n

T y p e

Table 2 Comparative table of operationally effective elements for each screen/shield

C a t e g

r

y J M A

9

5 ( A ) J S

2

5 6 ( A ) E

8

3 4

Z

1 ( A ) T V

1

5 ( A ) P V C

3

( A ) P V C

2

( A ) P F T

2

( A ) A V

4

( N ) Y G

4

1 3 L ( N ) D T R 5 3 A ( N ) J M A

W

1 ( N )

E l e c t r i c p

w

e r s u p p l y

△ △ △ △ △ △ △ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎

P e r i

d

i cr e p l a c e m e n t

C

s

t p e r f

r

m a n c e I t e m

P e r i

d

i c r e p l a c e m e n t p a r t s

△ △ △ △ △ △ △ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎

E a s e

f

i n s t a l l a t i

n

△ △ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ◎ ◎ ◎ △

T h e r m

m

e t e r c l e a n i n g w

r

k

△ △ ○ ○ ○ ○ △ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ p e r f

r

m a n c e M a i n t e n a n c e

E a s e

f

m a i n t e n a n c e

△ △ ○ ○ ○ ○ △ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎

C

r

r

s

i

n

r e s i s t a n c e

◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ △ △ △ △ ◎ ◎ △

R e s i s t a n c e t

u

l t r a v i

l

e t r a d i a t i

n

◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ △ △ ◎ W e a t h e r r e s i s t a n c e

I n s e c t r e s i s t a n c e

◎ ◎ ○ ○ ○ △ △ △ △ △ △ ◎ b e t t e r ○ n

r

m a l △ n

t

s

g
d

1

SLIDE 11

3 . 5 C

m

p r e h e n s i v e e v a l u a t i

n

2 / 3

9 5 ％ 2 5 ％ 7 5 ％ 5 ％ M a x i m u m A v e r a g e M i n i m u m

Fig. 10 Radar charts of Tdev differences related to various meteorological factors for each screen/shield

Artificially ventilated screens/shields

2 4 6 8 1 Tx SR Ra

J S

2

5 6 ( A )

2 4 6 8 1 Tx SR Ra

E

8

3 4

Z

1 ( A )

2 4 6 8 1 Tx SR Ra

T V

1

5 ( A )

2 4 6 8 1 Tx SR Ra

P V C

3

( A )

2 4 6 8 1 Tx SR Ra

P V C

2

( A )

2 4 6 8 1 Tx SR Ra

P F T

2

( A )

ER Tn ER Tn ER Tn ER Tn ER Tn ER Tn

Naturally ventilated screens/shields Item Tx SR Tn ER Rain

2 4 6 8 1 Tx SR Ra

A V

4

( N )

2 4 6 8 1 Tx SR Ra

Y G

4

1 3 L ( N )

2 4 6 8 1 Tx SR Ra

D T R 5 3 A ( N )

2 4 6 8 1 Tx SR Ra

J M A

W

1 ( N )

Tdev [℃] Class

D a i l y T m a x ( A u g . ) C

n

c e r n i n g g l

b

a l s

l

a r r a d i a t i

n

( A u g . ) D a i l y T m i n ( J a n . ) C

n

c e r n i n g r a d i a t i

n

b u d g e t ( J a n . ) C

n

c e r n i n g r a i n f a l l

10 9 0 - 0 - +0.1 -

0.1 -

0 -

ER Tn ER Tn ER Tn ER Tn

8 7 6 5 4 +0.6 -

0.6 -

+0.3 -

0.3 -

+0.4 -

0.4 -

+0.5 -

0.5 -

+0.2 -

0.2 -
0.1 -
0.2 -
0.3 -

3 2 1 +0.9 -

0.9 -

+0.7 -

0.7 -

+0.8 -

0.8 -
0.4 -

1 1

SLIDE 12

4. Discussion

(1) Influences of global solar radiation in August :

Naturally ventilated screens/shields,

・A maximum positive Tdev of +3.4°C for AV-040(N) is seen. ・This influence produces the largest positive Tdev for AV-040(N) and the smallest for DTR503A(N) → The reasons for this are that the screen/shield material has good insulation and the plates on the reverse are black

Artificially ventilated screens/shields, Tdev for PFT-02(A), PVC-02(A) and PVC-03(A) shows some influence

→ as these screens/shields have no layer of insulating material. (2) Influences of radiation budget:

Naturally ventilated screens/shields,

a negative Tdev is seen. These negative values are observed for AV-040(N), DTR503A(N) and YG-41003L(N), in that order. → The reason is that the influence of radiative cooling differs because they have different thermal capacities and insulating materials. A ifi i ll il d / hi ld i Td i

Artificially ventilated screens/shields,

some negative Tdev is seen → due to differences in thermal capacity, insulating layers and the rate of ventilation. (3) Influences of rainfall:

Naturally ventilated screens/shields,

higher rainfall intensity values give a more remarkably negative Tdev for y , g y g y g DTR503A(N). → The reason is that its structure allows the internal thermometer to be seen between the plates from outside, and that it has a structure in which raindrops tend to remain on the flat edges of the plates. The structure of YG 41003L(N) in which no influence from rainfall is seen has an internal thermometer covered by

1 2

The structure of YG-41003L(N), in which no influence from rainfall is seen, has an internal thermometer covered by plates, In addition, the plates gradually become smaller from top to bottom and have an inverted dish shape,

Artificially ventilated screens/shields,

no difference in the influence of rainfall is seen.

SLIDE 13

5 . C

n

c l u s i

n

s

Naturally ventilated screens/shields

・ superior in terms of economy and ease of maintenance. superior in terms of economy and ease of maintenance. ・ However, in cases where they are used in low-latitude regions, care is required because some types might be affected by strong global solar radiation. ・ It is also necessary to carefully consider the influence of the radiation budget. It is also necessary to carefully consider the influence of the radiation budget. ・ as some are penetrated by rainwater and do not allow accurate temperature measurement. Such screens/shields should also be used with a good understanding of their structure and Such screens/shields should also be used with a good understanding of their structure and characteristics,

Artificially ventilated screens/shields

y / ・ an essential requirement to minimize the influence of global solar radiation and the radiation budget is an appropriate insulation structure (insulation material/a heat-insulating layer of air). ・In addition, the horizontal type of artificially ventilated screens/shields requires care on rainy days because its configuration means that it is easily penetrated by wind and i t 1 3 rainwater.

SLIDE 14

R e f e r e n c e s R e f e r e n c e s

・ Brandsma T., van der Meulen J.P., 2007: Thermometer screen intercomparison in De Bilt (the Netherlands), part II: Description and modeling of mean temperature differences and extremes, International Journal of Climatology. SO ( S O ) f ・ ISO (International Standardization Organization), 2007: Meteorology - Air temperature measurements - Test methods for comparing the performance of thermometer shields/screens and defining important characteristics (ISO 17714), First edition. ・ Lacombe Muriel, 2008: Acquisition system used by the Algerian ONM for WMO combined intercomparison of thermometer screens/shields in conjunction with humidity measuring instruments, TECO-2008. ・ WMO, 2008: Guide to meteorological instruments and methods of observation, seventh edition, WMO-No. 8.

Thank you for your time. Thank you for your time.

We would like to measure temperature more accurately all over the world, for our and children’s accurately all over the world, for our and children s future on the earth.

h t t p : / / i s s . j a x a . j p / s h u t t l e / f l i g h t / s t s 9 9 / p h

t
_

h d t v . h t m l h t t p : / / p h

t
j
u

r n a l . j p l . n a s a . g

v

/ c a t a l

g

/ P I A 1 1 6 6

SLIDE 15

3 . 2 I n f l u e n c e s

f

g l

b

a l s

l

a r r a d i a t i

n
Fig. 5 Time series representations of temperature for various screens/shields and solar radiation,

16 Aug. 2009 (summer)

( ) T t

3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4

E

8

3 4

Z

1 ( A ) P F T

2

( A ) P V C

2

( A )

(a) Temperature by various screens/shields

2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 3 1 ［ ℃］

P V C

3

( A ) Y G

4

1 3 L ( N ) A V

4

( N ) D T R 5 3 A ( N ) J M A

W

1 ( N ) T V

1

5 ( A ) J S

2

5 6 ( A ) J M A

9

5 ( A )

(b) Tdev for naturally ventilated screens/shields

2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 . 5 1 . 1 . 5 2 . 2 . 5 3 . ℃］

Y G

4

1 3 L ( N ) A V

4

( N ) D T R 5 3 A ( N ) J M A

W

1 ( N )

[ h ]

screens/shields

3

.

2

. 5

2

.

1

. 5

1

.

.

5 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 ［ ℃ [ h ]

(c) Tdev for artificially ventilated screens/shields

1

.

.

5 . . 5 1 . 1 . 5 2 . 2 . 5 3 . ［ ℃］

E

8

3 4

Z

1 ( A ) P F T

2

( A ) P V C

2

( A ) P V C

3

( A ) T V

1

5 ( A ) J S

2

5 6 ( A )

(d) Total global solar

3

.

2

. 5

2

.

1

. 5 1 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3

6 9 1 2 ／ｍ2 ] G l

b

a l s

l

a r r a d i a t i

n

( d ）

[ h ]

1 5

radiation

3 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 2 1 2 2 2 3

［Ｗ／