RFID Technical Tutorial RFID Technical Tutorial Presented by: Dale R. Thompson Presented by: Dale R. Thompson Dept. of Computer Science and Computer Engineering Dept. of Computer Science and Computer Engineering University of Arkansas University of Arkansas http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 1 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 1
Goals Goals � Understand the details of RFID with focus � Understand the details of RFID with focus on EPCglobal UHF Class- -1 Generation 1 Generation- -2 2 on EPCglobal UHF Class (Gen- -2) passive tags being introduced into 2) passive tags being introduced into (Gen retail. retail. � Introduce the security threats � Introduce the security threats to to RFID and RFID and the privacy threats by by RFID. RFID. the privacy threats � Convince you that Privacy Assurance is � Convince you that Privacy Assurance is necessary. necessary. http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 2 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 2
University of Arkansas RFID University of Arkansas RFID Research Center Research Center � Fully student staffed with 24 industry members, which recently became the ecame the � Fully student staffed with 24 industry members, which recently b first open laboratory to be accredited by EPCglobal Inc. first open laboratory to be accredited by EPCglobal Inc. http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 3 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 3
What is RFID? What is RFID? � Stands for Radio Frequency Identification � Stands for Radio Frequency Identification � Uses radio waves for identification � Uses radio waves for identification � New frontier in the field of information � New frontier in the field of information technology technology � One form of Automatic Identification � One form of Automatic Identification � Provides unique identification or serial � Provides unique identification or serial number of an object (pallets, cases, items, number of an object (pallets, cases, items, animals, humans) animals, humans) http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 4 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 4
Applications Applications � Mobil Speedpass systems Mobil Speedpass systems � � Automobile Immobilizer � Automobile Immobilizer systems systems � Fast � Fast- -lane and E lane and E- -Zpass road Zpass road toll system toll system � Secure Entry cards � Secure Entry cards � Animal Identification Animal Identification � � Humans � Humans � Supply chain management Supply chain management � http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 5 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 5
RFID System RFID System http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 6 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 6
RFID Reader RFID Reader � Also known an interrogator � Also known an interrogator � Reader powers passive tags with RF energy Reader powers passive tags with RF energy � � Can be handheld or stationary � Can be handheld or stationary � Consists of: � Consists of: – Transceiver Transceiver – – Antenna Antenna – – Microprocessor Microprocessor – – Network interface Network interface – http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 7 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 7
RFID Frequency range RFID Frequency range Frequency Band Description Frequency Band Description < 135 KHz Low frequency < 135 KHz Low frequency 6.765 – – 6.795 MHz 6.795 MHz HF 6.765 HF 7.4 – – 8.8 MHz 8.8 MHz HF 7.4 HF 13.553 – – 13.567 MHz 13.567 MHz HF 13.553 HF 26.957 – 26.957 – 27. 283 MHz 27. 283 MHz HF HF 433 MHz 433 MHz UHF UHF 868 – – 870 MHz 870 MHz UHF 868 UHF 902 – – 928 MHz 928 MHz UHF 902 UHF 2.4 – – 2.483 GHz 2.483 GHz SHF 2.4 SHF 5.725 – 5.725 – 5.875 GHz 5.875 GHz SHF SHF http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 8 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 8
FCC Rules for ISM Band Wireless FCC Rules for ISM Band Wireless Equipment Equipment � Federal Communications Commission � Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates frequencies in United (FCC) regulates frequencies in United States States � FCC regulations appear in title 47 of the � FCC regulations appear in title 47 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations United States Code of Federal Regulations (47CFR) and radio spectrum issues are the (47CFR) and radio spectrum issues are the subject of part 15 of the FCC rules subject of part 15 of the FCC rules � Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) � Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) devices devices http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 9 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 9
FCC Rules for 902- -928 MHz 928 MHz FCC Rules for 902 � Maximum transmitter power limited to 1 watt for � Maximum transmitter power limited to 1 watt for systems that frequency hop across at least 50 systems that frequency hop across at least 50 channels (Gen- -2 readers typically run 1 watt and 2 readers typically run 1 watt and channels (Gen frequency hop across 50 channels) frequency hop across 50 channels) � Maximum EIRP (effective isotropic radiated Maximum EIRP (effective isotropic radiated � power) is limited to 4 watts (36 dBm dBm). For ). For power) is limited to 4 watts (36 antenna gain greater than 6 dBi dBi must reduce must reduce antenna gain greater than 6 power. (For 1 watt reader transmitter the power. (For 1 watt reader transmitter the maximum gain antenna can be up to 6 dBI dBI .) .) maximum gain antenna can be up to 6 � When frequency hopping, the transmitter must When frequency hopping, the transmitter must � not use one frequency greater than 0.40 not use one frequency greater than 0.40 seconds within a 20 second period seconds within a 20 second period http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 10 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 10
RFID Tag RFID Tag � Tag is a device used to transmit � Tag is a device used to transmit information such as a serial number to the information such as a serial number to the reader in a contact less manner reader in a contact less manner � Classified as : � Classified as : – Passive Passive – – energy from reader energy from reader – – Active Active - - battery battery – – Semi Semi- -passive passive – – battery and energy from battery and energy from – reader reader http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 11 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 11
Printers Printers http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 12 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 12
Middleware Middleware � Each reader manufacturer � Each reader manufacturer � Commercial middleware � Commercial middleware � Open source middleware work at UofA � Open source middleware work at UofA http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 13 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 13
Database Database � Store attributes related to the serial � Store attributes related to the serial number of the RFID tag number of the RFID tag � Examples � Examples – What is it? What is it? – – Who made it? Who made it? – – Who bought it? Who bought it? – – Where has it been? Where has it been? – http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 14 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 14
Contactless Smart Cards Smart Cards Contactless � ISO 7618 � ISO 7618 - - A set of international standards covering the A set of international standards covering the basic characteristics of contactless contactless smart cards, such as smart cards, such as basic characteristics of physical and electrical characteristics, communication physical and electrical characteristics, communication protocols and others. protocols and others. � Proximity Smart Cards (13.56 MHz) � Proximity Smart Cards (13.56 MHz) – Range = 4 inches (10 centimeter) Range = 4 inches (10 centimeter) – – Baud rate = 106 Baud rate = 106 kilobaud kilobaud – – ISO/IEC 14443 – ISO/IEC 14443 � Vicinity Smart Cards (13.56 MHz) � Vicinity Smart Cards (13.56 MHz) – Range = 3 feet (1 meter) – Range = 3 feet (1 meter) – Baud rate = 26.48 Baud rate = 26.48 kilobaud kilobaud – – ISO/IEC 15693 ISO/IEC 15693 – http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 15 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 15
Animal Identification Standards Animal Identification Standards � International standard 134.2 kHz International standard 134.2 kHz � – ISO 11784: ISO 11784: “ “Radio Radio- -frequency identification of frequency identification of – animals” ” – – code structure code structure animals – ISO 11785: ISO 11785: “ “Radio Radio- -frequency identification of frequency identification of – animals” ” – – Technical concept Technical concept animals – ISO 14223: ISO 14223: “ “Radio Radio- -frequency identification of frequency identification of – animals” ” – – Advanced transponders Advanced transponders animals � U.S. standard 125 kHz � U.S. standard 125 kHz � At these frequencies the RF can penetrate mud, At these frequencies the RF can penetrate mud, � blood, and water blood, and water http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 16 http://csce.uark.edu/~ drt/rfid 16
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