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Renewable Electricity for Minnesotas Future Xcel Renewable Development Fund Advisory Group Presentation December 12, 2017 Project funding provided by customers of Xcel Energy through a grant from the Renewable Development Fund Agenda
Renewable Electricity for Minnesota’s Future
Xcel Renewable Development Fund
Advisory Group Presentation
December 12, 2017
Project funding provided by customers of Xcel Energy through a grant from the Renewable Development Fund
Commercialization
Total Budget Total Disbursed Expenses Encumbrances Unencumbered Expenses Total Expenses
$3,000,000 $3,000,000 $846,594 $230,739 $615,855 $1,077,333
Project Funding Start Date: 5/30/2016
Renewable Electricity for Minnesota’s Future
First Name Last Name Position Organization Nina Axelson Vice-President, Public Relations Ever-green Energy Bill Blazar Senior Vice-President of Public Affairs and Business Development MN Chamber of Commerce Dan King Program Director Midwest Renewable Energy Tracking System
Hamilton Science Policy Director Fresh Energy Paul Lehman Manager of Community Energy Partnerships Xcel Energy Laureen Ross-McCalib Manager, Resource Planning and Regulatory Affairs Great River Energy Rolf Nordstrom President and CEO Great Plains Institute Kelly Schwinghammer Executive Vice-President BlueGreen Alliance Will Seuffert Executive Director Environmental Quality Board Doug Shoemaker Vice-Chairperson MN Renewable Energy Society Kaya Tarhan Chief Development Officer SolarStone David Russick Founder Gopher Angels
electricity using fast switching of ferroelectric oxides
Solution for Renewable Electricity in Minnesota
Plant Power
Interface for Renewables, Storage and Green Micro-Grids
University of Minnesota Driven To Discover
Introduction
Senior Personnel
The direct conversion of heat to electricity using fast switching
Post Doctoral Fellows Graduate Students
Supported by Xcel Energy - Renewable Development Fund
University of Minnesota Driven To Discover
Sources of heat at small temperature difference
n Waste heat rejected in exhaust systems of automobiles, and power plants n Waste heat from air conditioning systems* n Waste heat from laptop and desktop computers and
supercomputer clusters
n Handheld electronic devices (phones, videogames),
watches, stand-alone sensors
n Major environmental sources: solar thermal plants, temperature difference between
air and sub-ice water in winter, accumulate heat in attics in summer *Collaboration with Daikin Applied, 13600 Industrial Park Blvd., Plymouth, MN A strategy for minimizing hysteresis (λ2 to 1). Near zero hysteresis demonstrated
Key technological breakthrough
Thin film devices: chip level integration
University of Minnesota Driven To Discover
Objectives and progress
To develop energy conversion devices based on phase transformation in ferroelectric films through the establishment of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth and the computational design.
Key Idea: Deliverables
No separate electrical generator: the material itself generates electricity
Achievements 2017:
MBE growth of high quality ferroelectric films achieved Phase pure epitaxial BaTiO3 film on SrTiO3 (001) substrate Smooth surface morphology from the atomic force microscopy Development of a predictive model of ferroelectric energy conversion Demonstration of ferroelectric energy conversion
Demonstration: voltage (blue) temperature (red)
University of Minnesota Driven To Discover
Outreach and plans
X-ray data from high quality ferroelectric BaTiO3 film made using hybrid MBE
Plans for the coming year
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Develop demonstration using grown BaTiO3 films
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Do extensive predictions using the recently developed computational model to guide device design
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Develop next generation demonstration using recently grown high quality films
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Continue intellectual property development with OTC
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Investigate the design and development of a thermal switch
Intellectual property and commercialization
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Early Commercial Assessment and literature search done by OTC (ROI20160206, Avishek Mishra, Xu Zou)
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Provisional patent filed (20170206): The direct conversion
ferroelectric oxides
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Marketing webpage developed by outside firm
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Graduate student Hanlin Gu took the Minnesota Innovation Corps Course on Value Design Workshop, and contacted local companies
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Widely distributed publicity on our method (James gave Golden Medallion Lecture in CSE, Timoshenko Lecture at Stanford; Jalan gave technical lecture on heat recovery at ARPA-E)
Pyrite FeS2: A Low-Cost Earth-Abundant Photovoltaic (PV) Solution for Renewable Electricity in Minnesota
Xcel Energy RDF Project University of Minnesota, Institute on the Environment
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
Department of Chemistry Partners: (tenK Solar Inc.), Physical Electronics Inc.
Project Team
Chris Leighton (Chem. Eng. & Mat. Sci.) electronic materials Laura Gagliardi (Chemistry) theoretical chemistry Eray Aydil (Chem. Eng. & Mat. Sci.) solar cells (TenK Solar: Bloomington-based commercial solar installation company) PHI (Physical Electronics): Eden-Prairie-based materials analysis company
Background / Motivation
Current PV market: Si, CdTe, CuInGaSe2 (CIGS) Si builds on established technology, but requires costly, thick, crystalline wafers CdTe and CIGS are thin film technologies, but require low abundance, toxic, costly elements Grand challenge: High performance PV materials from earth-abundant, cheap, non-toxic constituents; wide-scale deployment of solar-to-electric power The semiconductor FeS2 (pyrite, fool’s gold (!)) is a high-potential candidate: > Outstanding abundance and cost > Extraordinary light absorption > Theoretical efficiency > 30 % > Current record: 2.8 %!! GOAL: Remove barriers to FeS2 usage in solar cells
Progress
Two known problems with FeS2: > Doping uncontrolled, poorly understood > Surfaces uncontrolled, poorly understood Doping progress: > First to resolve the “doping puzzle” in FeS2 (why are large crystals “n” and thin films “p”?) > First to prove missing S atoms dope “n” Surface progress: > First comprehensive understanding of surface conduction Significance: > We can controllably “n”-dope. This is a world “first” > We now have a route to the first “p-n homojunction” solar cell (see figure) > Simplest route to an FeS2 solar cell (like Si); never previously possible
Upcoming publications > Proof that missing S atoms “n”-dope FeS2 > Accompanying theoretical analysis Develop a “p”-dopant: > Mn, As, etc. being studied > Alternative idea: P (see figure) Proof-of-principle p-n homojunction solar cell: > Single crystal; ion implantation Thin film p-n homojunction solar cell > Intellectual property > Sputtered n,p films > Sputtered solar cells
Future Plans
Research Products
Publications: Presentations:
Bryan Voigt, Materials Research Society Fall Meeting, Nov 2017 Eray Aydil, 3M Technical Forum, June 2017 Bryan Voigt, U of M IPRIME Annual Meeting, May 2017 Chris Leighton, Materials Research Society Spring Meeting, April 2017 All participants, External Advisory Board Meeting, Jan 2017
Industrial Interactions:
Extensive interactions with PHI (Physical Electronics, Eden Prairie) > Scientific collaboration > Free access to unique instrumentation Voigt, Moore, Manno, Walter, Aydil and Leighton, in preparation (2017) Ray, Voigt, Walter, Aydil, Leighton and Gagliardi, in preparation (2017)
OF WIND PLANT POWER
Lian Shen – Director of St. Anthony Falls Laboratory (SAFL) Professor of Mechanical Engineering Michele Guala – Associate Professor of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering and SAFL Jiarong Hong – Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering and SAFL Jeff Marr – Associate Director for Engineering and Facility of SAFL Joseph Nichols – Assistant Professor of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics Peter Seiler – Associate Professor of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics and SAFL
Project Overview
Motivation Major roadblock to wind energy realizing its transformative potential:
resources within the power grid. Goal
High fidelity simulations of wind plants Dynamic reduced-order modeling of flows in wind plants Active power control to minimize variability in power
Measurement in SAFL wind tunnel Measurements in EOLOS and other stations
Velocity Field and Coherent Structures in the Near Wake of a Utility-scale Wind Turbine
Mechanical Engineering & Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota 130 m
Plan for the Next Year
1) High-fidelity wind plant simulations on extreme-scale supercomputers to predict wind plant performance and reliability at unprecedented levels of spatial and temporal resolution; 2) Validation of simulation through measurements in wind tunnel experiments with miniature turbines (wake interactions), and utility-scale wind turbine experiments (wake evolution at realistic Reynolds numbers) in the field; 3) Physics-based, dynamic reduced-order modeling informed by big data generated from numerical simulation and experiment measurement to enable accurate and efficient real-time forecasting; and 4) Development of an active power control strategy to minimize the variability of the power output of wind plants.
ECE, University of Minnesota
Enable integration of renewables into the grid using Power Electronics. Key Focus Areas:
applications
~700V 34.5 kV 10-20 kHz 5-60 Hz
60 Hz
scale wind turbines
– Megawatt scale – Output to MV level (34.5kV)
Converters (MMCs)
– Modular design – Fault tolerant operation – High performance (low harmonic distortion in output – Higher efficiency
transformers
– Uses high frequency magnetics – Compact, lightweight system – Lower total cost
(Virtual) Lg
– New modulation scheme using double fourier analysis for back-to-back operation (Presented at NAPS, Sept 2017)
– Real-time model development on OpalRT – Inertial mode control and grid support functions
– Model Validation – Fault-ride-through and reactive power support.
voltage domestic rooftop solar interface
– Kilowatt scale – Output to mains voltage (120VAC)
coupled inductors
– Small size, compact design – Low ripple in currents to improve efficiency – Wide bandgap devices for high switching frequency and low loss
short term energy storage
Integrated Magnetics based converter for Low Voltage (Domestic) applications
– Analytical modelling for Cuk-derived topologies
– Development of ultra-low ripple scheme – Modelling and design of coupled magnetics based converter
– Lab-scale hardware prototype
A Net load aggregation algorithm is being developed to enable:
devices
part of the grid in case of a grid destabilization event to support critical loads / infrastructure
a flexible manner
energy sources in the network.
Net Load Aggregation of Multiple Units
Sudden Grid Destabilization Event
with non linear loads pose challenges
large current total harmonic distortion (THD) and circulating currents.
impedance shaping methods are implemented to improve THD and reduce circulating currents.
validation to be performed with 600 W inverters and non-linear electronic loads.
Interfacing of low inertia DERs
LIS : Local Inverter System
Interfacing of low inertia DERs: Results
in presence of non-linear loads
(b) THD reduction to 9.95% of grid current with virtual impedance shaping
(a) (b)
Lewis Gilbert – Managing Director / COO legilber@umn.edu Christov Churchward – Program Manager churc098@umn.edu
environment.umn.edu