Regulatory requirements in international fish and seafood trade Dr - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Regulatory requirements in international fish and seafood trade Dr Lahsen Ababouch, Chief Fish Utilization and Marketing Service Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Silver Spring, USA. May 2008

Fisheries and aquaculture production (1951-2006) Million tonnes 160.0 140.0 Capture (marine waters) Capture (inland waters) Total aquaculture 120.0 100.0 Million tonnes 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

World Fish Production China World World minus China 160,000 100,000 60,000 90,000 140,000 80,000 50,000 Aquaculture 120,000 70,000 Capture 100,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 Aquaculture 50,000 30,000 40,000 60,000 Capture Aquaculture 20,000 30,000 40,000 Capture 20,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 0 0 0 1975 2006 1975 2006 1975 2006

State of the Resources State of the world fish stocks in 2004 (FAO, 2004) Recovering 1% 7% Depleted 17% Over exploited 52% Fully exploited 20% Moderately exploited 3% Under exploited 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Contribution to food-fish supply 120 50.0% 100 Aquaculture 40.0% Capture m illion tonnes 80 AQ share 30.0% 60 20.0% 40 10.0% 20 0 0.0% 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Fish exports (1976– 2005) US $ billion Developed count ries or areas Developing countries or areas 40 30 US$ billion 20 10 1976 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 2002 2004 year

Contribution of fish to human diet (2003) WORLD 15.5 LIFDC's 19.4 6.7 South America North and Central America 7.7 Oceania 9.8 Europe 10.0 Africa 18.7 Asia 22.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Fish as percentage of total animal protein intake

World Fish Trade 2005 (by value) Exports Imports Others Developing Japan USA Japan 7% Others countries 18% 5% 2% 20% 18% EU (25) 25% USA 15% Developing countries 48% EU (25) 40%

Commodity breakdown (Trade) 8% Tuna Shrimp 19% Salmon 42% Pelagics Demersals Cephalopods 8% Fishmeal Fish oil 4% Others 1% 3% 12% 3%

International regulatory Framework � Liberalization of Issue: trade Issue: � Maximal protection of plant, animal and human health � Minimal Technical Obstacles to trade

International regulatory Framework • GATT (1948, Article XXII:b) • Codex Alimentarius (FAO/WHO, 1962) • TBT Agreement (GATT, Tokyo Round, 1974-1979) • Code of Conduct For responsible fisheries (FAO, 1994. Article 11) • FAO COFI and its two sub committees • SPS/TBT Agreements (WTO, 1995) • ISO 9000:2000 (QMS) and 22000:2005 (FSMS) • International Principles for Responsible Shrimp Farming, 2006 • FAO Guidelines on Eco-labeling for wild capture fisheries • FAO Guidelines for Aquaculture Certification

SPS/TBT Agreements � SPS cover health (human, animal and plant) protection measures SPS SPS � The TBT Agreement covers all technical vs. vs. requirements, voluntary standards and the procedures (Conformity assessment TBT TBT procedures) to ensure that these are met, except when these are SPS measures as defined by the SPS Agreement � TBT measures can cover any subject related to industrial goods, from car safety to energy –saving devices to food packaging

SPS/TBT Agreements General Principles • Sovereignty Harmonization • Transparency • Equivalency • Scientific basis • Special and differential treatment • Technical Assistance • Consultation and dispute settlement •

Harmonization • Establishment, Recognition and Application of Common SPS Measures by Members • Members shall base their measures on those developed by relevant international organizations (OI E, CAC, I PPC) Measures which conform to international standards • are consistent with Agreement • Members are to fully participate in the work of relevant international organizations WTO to monitor progress of international • harmonization (SPS and TBT Committees)

SPS/TBT and Codex World Trade Organisation CODEX Guidelines,Standards Codes of Practice National Regulations

General Subject Committees – General Principles (France) – Import/Export Inspection and Certification Systems (Australia) – Food Labeling (Canada) – Methods of Analysis & Sampling (Hungary) – Food Hygiene (USA) – Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food (USA) – Pesticide Residues (Netherlands) – Food Additives and Contaminants (Netherlands) – Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (Germany)

Active Commodity Committees – Fats and Oils (U. K.) – Fish and Fishery Products (Norway) Fish and Fishery Products (Norway) – – Milk and Milk Products (New Zealand) – Fresh Fruits and Vegetables (Mexico) – Cocoa Products & Chocolate (Switzerland) – Natural Mineral Waters (Switzerland)

Thank you Lahsen Ababouch Chief, FIIU Fish products and Industry Division Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture The U.N Food and Agriculture Organization Via Delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy +390657054157 +390657055188 Lahsen.Ababouch@fao.org

Outputs relevant to Aquaculture • Code of practice for food hygiene (GHP, HACCP, Risk assessment) • Standards for fish and fishery products (Volume 9A) • Code of practice for intensive aquaculture (GAP, HACCP) • Several risk assessments ( Vibrios in seafood, biotoxins, antimicrobial resistance) • Several principles and guidelines for food import and export inspection and certification • MRL for veterinary drugs

Equivalence • Members shall accept other Member measures as equivalent, if final results are the same ( achieve same ALOP) • Members shall consult to achieve bilateral and multilateral agreements (Mutual Recognition Agreements)

Scientifically based standards • SPS measures are to be based on the assessment of risks to humans, animals or plants, using internationally accepted risk assessment techniques and taking into account the available scientific evidence • SPS measures should minimize negative trade effects and arbitrary and unjustified measures should not be considered

The Risk Analysis Process Risk Risk Assessment Management (“scientific”) (“ policy”) •hazards •social •exposure •cultural •dose-response •economic Process •synthesis Initiation •uncertainty Risk Communication ( interactive exchange of information and ideas )

FAO/WHO/IOC Expert Consultation on Biotoxins

Background • During the discussion of – the Code of Practice for Fish and Fishery Products and – the Proposed Draft Standard for Live and Raw Bivalve Molluscs , The CCFFP requested scientific advice on biotoxins to be addressed through an FAO/WHO/IOC Expert Consultaion to; – Provide Scientific Advice for the Establishment of Safe Upper Limits; – Provide guidance on the application of different methods of analysis concerning each toxin group; – Monitoring and management of growing areas; – Geographic Distribution of the biotoxins

Process • March 04: Planning Workshop in Dublin, Ireland • April 04 : Call for Experts and Data • May – Sep 04: electronic drafting group • Sep 04: Expert Consultation – Oslo, Norway • Feb 05- 27 th CCFFP (Cape Town, South Africa): – presentation of the report – Establishment of an inter-sessions working group to examine the EC report and prepare a discussion paper for the next CCFFP session • April 05- Updated draft scientific monographs • April 2006: Meeting of the ISWG (Ottawa, Canada) • September 2006: Presentation at the 28 th Session of CCFFP

Certification in aquaculture • Harmonization • Equivalence • Transparency • science-based • Definition of boundaries between private and public sectors. Who is responsible for what?

Number of Alerts 250 200 150 100 50 0 Border cases in EU.... Europe non EU Africa Asia America Oceania 1999 Europe non EU Africa Asia America 2000 Oceania Europe non EU Africa Asia 2001 America Oceania Europe non EU 2002 Africa Asia America Oceania Europe non EU Africa Asia 2003 America Oceania Europe non EU Africa Asia 2004 America Other Causes Parasites Histamine Chemical Microbial Oceania Europe non EU Africa 2005 Asia America Oceania

Chemical…. 2003 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005¹ Totals % Cadmium 12 7 5 12 58 33 31 158 16,8 Chloramphenicol 44 102 9 8 163 17,4 Carbon monoxide 1 3 6 19 28 2,9 DSP 2 4 2 1 2 2 13 1,4 Lead 3 1 1 1 6 0,6 Mercury 14 11 11 19 19 26 22 122 13 Nitrofuran 89 51 27 20 187 20 PAH 3 11 9 23 2,5 Phenol 1 1 0,1 Residues 1 1 10 12 2 1 27 2,8 Sulphite 2 7 8 31 31 79 8,4 Bacterial inhib. 21 2 4 3 30 3,2 Malachite Green 1 9 14 28 52 5,6 4 8 1 3 4 19 7 46 4,9 Histamine Totals 32 32 68 279 186 173 165 935 100 1 figures to August 2005

Thank you