Red Tides, Green Tides, & Brown Tides in the Indian River - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Red Tides, Green Tides, & Brown Tides in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida

Edward Phlips and Susan Badylak Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Margaret Lasi

• St. Johns River Water Management District

Palatka, Florida

BASIC SCOPE: 1997 - Present

Sampling – 8-12 sites, monthly or twice per month Field parameters – Temperature, oxygen, salinity, light attenuation Analytical Parameters - Total nitrogen, total phosphorus (some SRP, DIN, Si) Other – Color, turbidity (some TSS, POC), chlorophyll a Plankton – Phytoplankton composition, biovolume, carbon Some zooplankton and bacterioplankton

• 8. Vero
• 6. Sebastian
• 4. Eau Gallie
• 2. Titusville (Core 2)

Sebastian Inlet

• 5. Melbourne (Core 6)
• 3. Banana River (Core 5)

Florida 4.1. Cocoa 20km 3.5. N. Banana River (Core 3) 1.5. S. Mosquito Lagoon (Core 1)

• 1. Mosquito Lagoon

Sampling Regime – 10 Sites

Northern Range Phlips et al.

Note: 1 µg C ml-1 ≈ 15-25 µg Chl a L-1

Phytoplankton Biomass – Southern Mosquito Lagoon

1 2 3 4 5 6

Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14

1.5 Southern ML

21 10

PE/PC Al Al

Dino Diatom Cyano Other Carbon, µg ml-1 Phlips et al.

Phytoplankton Biomass – Northern Indian River Lagoon 1 2 3 4 5 6

Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14

• 2. Titusville IRL

8 8

PE/PC Al Al Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Ak Ak PC D Pb Dino Diatom Cyano Other Carbon, µg ml-1 Phlips et al.

Phytoplankton Biomass – Central Banana River

1 2 3 4 5 6

Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14

• 3. Central BRL

Pb PE/PC PC PC Pb Pb Ak Pb D D D D D PC Pb Pb D Pb D PC D

Dino Diatom Cyano Other Carbon, µg ml-1 Phlips et al.

Phytoplankton Biomass – Central IRL Sebastian

1 2 3 4 5 6

Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14

• 6. Sebastian IRL

D D

Dino Diatom Cyano Other Carbon, µg ml-1 Phlips et al.

Some Major HAB Species

Max #Obs. Total Biomass* >0.2* Obs. Pyrodinium bahamense 6.0 116 535 Akashiwo sanguinea 7.3 44 615 Peridinium quinquecorne 1.7 13 120 Karlodinium veneficum 0.8 8 817 Prorocentrum minimum 0.4 5 295 Cochlodinium polykrikoides 0.4 4 224 Takayama tasmanica 1.4 3 78 Kryptoperidinium foliaceum 3.6 3 80 Pedinophyceae sp. 4.4 76 295 Aureoumbra lagunensis 23.0 12 36 Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha 1.5 16 384 *µg C ml-1

Dinoflagellates Diatom Chlorophyte Pelagophyte

Phlips et al.

Pyrodinium bahamense var. bahamense

Badylak et al. 2004

Most prolific bloom-former in the IRL Saxitoxin producer Source of toxin in some fish and invertebrates species in the IRL May be associated with alterations in food webs Increased light attenuation, Secchi depths 0.9-1.5 m

(Phlips et al. 2006, 2010, 2011, 2014; Badylak et al. 2004, 2007, 2008; Landsberg et al. 2006)

Melbourne Cocoa Titusville Mosquito Lagoon Banana River Sebastian Inlet

Atlantic Ocean Florida Pyrodinium bahamense Spatial Distribution – Summer 2009 Phlips et al. 2011

(cells/ml)

2006 Pyrodinium Bloom – Central Banana River

• C. Banana River

Longevity High temp Low salinity Rain link

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oct-05 Nov-05 Dec-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar-06 Apr-06 May-06 Jun-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Oct-05 Nov-05 Dec-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar-06 Apr-06 May-06 Jun-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06

Diatom Cyano Other Temperature, oC (red) Salinity, psu (black) Rainfall, cm (blue) Pyro Other Dinos Carbon, µg ml-1

Temperature Salinity Rain

Phlips et al. 2014

El Niño Southern Oscillation Index and Pyrodinium Biovolume

1 2 3 4 5 6

Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12

ENSO Index, MEI

• 3
• 2
• 1

1 2 3 4

Pyrodinium, µg C ml-1

Phlips et al. 2014

2011 Green Tide - “Super” bloom Pedinophyceae sp./Picocyanobacteria

SEM

Badylak, Phlips and Kelley

2010/2011- Diatom/Pedinophyceae sp. & Picocyanobacteria Blooms Central Banana River

Longevity Record cold Low rainfall Seagrass Die off

1 2 3 4 5

Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Apr-11 May-11 Jun-11 Jul-11 Aug-11 Sep-11 Oct-11

Diat Cyan Other Ped Dino Carbon, µg ml-1

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Apr-11 May-11 Jun-11 Jul-11 Aug-11 Sep-11 Oct-11

Temperature, oC Rain, cm & Salinity, psu

Salinity Temperature Rain

Record cold Chl a up to 100+µg L-1 Secchi <0.5m

Phlips et al. 2014

Kelly Young

2012 Brown Tide – Mosquito Lagoon Just When You Thought Things Were Getting Better

SEM TEM 2012 Bloom: Pelagophyte sp. (Aureoumbra lagunensis)

Badylak, Kelley & Phlips Badylak, Kelley & Phlips

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

05/01/12 06/01/12 07/02/12 08/02/12 09/02/12

Mosquito Titusville Banana Pelagophyte density, (106 cells ml-1)

Summer 2012 Pelagophyte Cell Densities in Mosquito Lagoon, N. IRL and Banana River

Phlips et al.

Phlips Lab Current Research

Continued phytoplankton monitoring program Addition of bacterioplankton and zooplankton analyses at selected sites in the northern IRL, Banana River and Mosquito Lagoon Nutrient uptake experiments with cultures of pico- and nano-plankton Microzooplankton grazing experiments at selected sites in the northern IRL, Banana River and Mosquito Lagoon