Red Tides, Green Tides, & Brown Tides in the Indian River - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Red Tides, Green Tides, & Brown Tides in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida Edward Phlips and Susan Badylak Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Margaret Lasi St. Johns River Water Management District Palatka, Florida

BASIC SCOPE: 1997 - Present Sampling – 8-12 sites, monthly or twice per month Field parameters – Temperature, oxygen, salinity, light attenuation Analytical Parameters - Total nitrogen, total phosphorus (some SRP, DIN, Si) Other – Color, turbidity (some TSS, POC), chlorophyll a Plankton – Phytoplankton composition, biovolume, carbon Some zooplankton and bacterioplankton

Sampling Regime – 10 Sites 1. Mosquito Lagoon 1.5. S. Mosquito Lagoon (Core 1) Northern 2. Titusville (Core 2) Range 3.5. N. Banana River (Core 3) 4.1. Cocoa 3. Banana River (Core 5) 4. Eau Gallie 5. Melbourne (Core 6) Sebastian Inlet 6. Sebastian Florida 8. Vero 0 20km Phlips et al.

Carbon, µg ml -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Phytoplankton Biomass – Southern Mosquito Lagoon Jan-97 Jan-98 1.5 Southern ML Jan-99 Jan-00 Note: 1 µg C ml -1 ≈ 15-25 µg Chl a L -1 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 PE/PC Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Al Al Jan-13 21 10 Jan-14 Phlips et al. Diatom Other Cyano Dino

Carbon, µg ml -1 Phytoplankton Biomass – Northern Indian River Lagoon 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jan-97 2. Titusville IRL Jan-98 Jan-99 PC Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Pb Jan-03 Pb Pb Jan-04 Jan-05 D Pb Jan-06 Pb Jan-07 Jan-08 Ak Jan-09 Pb Jan-10 PE/PC Ak Jan-11 Jan-12 Al Jan-13 8 Jan-14 Al 8 Pb Phlips et al. Diatom Other Cyano Dino

Carbon, µg ml -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jan-97 Phytoplankton Biomass – Central Banana River 3. Central BRL Jan-98 PC Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Pb Jan-02 Pb Jan-03 PC PC Jan-04 Pb Jan-05 D D PC Jan-06 Jan-07 Pb D Ak Jan-08 Jan-09 Pb Jan-10 D Jan-11 D D PE/PC Jan-12 Pb Jan-13 Pb Jan-14 D D Phlips et al. Diatom Other Cyano Dino

Carbon, µg ml -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jan-97 6. Sebastian IRL Phytoplankton Biomass – Central IRL Sebastian Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 D Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 D Jan-14 Phlips et al. Diatom Other Cyano Dino

Some Major HAB Species Max #Obs. Total Biomass* >0.2* Obs. 6.0 116 535 Pyrodinium bahamense 7.3 44 615 Akashiwo sanguinea 1.7 13 120 Peridinium quinquecorne 0.8 8 817 Karlodinium veneficum Dinoflagellates 0.4 5 295 Prorocentrum minimum 0.4 4 224 Cochlodinium polykrikoides 1.4 3 78 Takayama tasmanica 3.6 3 80 Kryptoperidinium foliaceum Pedinophyceae sp. 4.4 76 295 Chlorophyte 23.0 12 36 Aureoumbra lagunensis Pelagophyte 1.5 16 384 Diatom Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha * µg C ml -1 Phlips et al.

Pyrodinium bahamense var. bahamense Most prolific bloom-former in the IRL Saxitoxin producer Source of toxin in some fish and invertebrates species in the IRL May be associated with alterations in food webs Increased light attenuation, Secchi depths 0.9-1.5 m Badylak et al. 2004 (Phlips et al. 2006, 2010, 2011, 2014; Badylak et al. 2004, 2007, 2008; Landsberg et al. 2006)

Pyrodinium bahamense S patial Distribution – Summer 2009 Mosquito Lagoon Atlantic Titusville Ocean Banana Cocoa River Florida Melbourne (cells/ml) Sebastian Inlet Phlips et al. 2011

2006 Pyrodinium Bloom – Central Banana River Temperature, o C (red) Salinity, psu (black) Rainfall, cm (blue) Carbon, µg ml -1 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Oct-05 Oct-05 C. Banana River Nov-05 Nov-05 Dec-05 Dec-05 Diatom Pyro Jan-06 Jan-06 Feb-06 Feb-06 Rain Mar-06 Mar-06 Apr-06 Apr-06 Salinity May-06 Cyano Other Dinos May-06 Temperature Jun-06 Jun-06 Jul-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Other Sep-06 Oct-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Nov-06 Phlips et al. 2014 Rain link Low salinity High temp Longevity

El Niño Southern Oscillation Index and Pyrodinium Biovolume Pyrodinium , µg C ml -1 ENSO Index, MEI -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Phlips et al. 2014 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12

2011 Green Tide - “Super” bloom Pedinophyceae sp./Picocyanobacteria SEM Badylak, Phlips and Kelley

2010/2011- Diatom/Pedinophyceae sp. & Picocyanobacteria Blooms Central Banana River 5 Dino Chl a up to 100+µg L -1 Secchi <0.5m 4 Diat Carbon, µg ml -1 3 Cyan Longevity Ped 2 Other 1 0 40 Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Apr-11 May-11 Jun-11 Jul-11 Aug-11 Sep-11 Oct-11 Salinity Temperature, o C Record cold 35 & Salinity, psu 30 Rain, cm Record 25 Low rainfall Temperature cold 20 15 Seagrass 10 Rain Die off 5 0 Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Apr-11 May-11 Jun-11 Jul-11 Aug-11 Sep-11 Oct-11 Phlips et al. 2014

2012 Brown Tide – Mosquito Lagoon Just When You Thought Things Were Getting Better Kelly Young

2012 Bloom: Pelagophyte sp. ( Aureoumbra lagunensis ) SEM TEM Badylak, Kelley & Phlips Badylak, Kelley & Phlips

Summer 2012 Pelagophyte Cell Densities in Mosquito Lagoon, N. IRL and Banana River 3.5 Pelagophyte density, 3 (10 6 cells ml -1 ) 2.5 2 Mosquito 1.5 Titusville 1 Banana 0.5 0 05/01/12 06/01/12 07/02/12 08/02/12 09/02/12 Phlips et al.

Phlips Lab Current Research Continued phytoplankton monitoring program Addition of bacterioplankton and zooplankton analyses at selected sites in the northern IRL, Banana River and Mosquito Lagoon Nutrient uptake experiments with cultures of pico- and nano-plankton Microzooplankton grazing experiments at selected sites in the northern IRL, Banana River and Mosquito Lagoon